Interesting Kaskara from the Askeri Museum

[Jim McDougall]

Fantastic Ed!!! off we go!!! Thank you so much!
Jim

[Edster]

Information on the arm of Nubians from Burckhardt "Travels in Nubia" 1819. P.254 total or p.142 of narrative.
His trip was made about 1814. Quote" The Nubians seldom go unarmed ; as soon as a boy grows up,
his first endeavour is to purchase a short, crooked knife, which
the men wear tied over the left elbow, imder their shirt, and
which they draw upon each other on the shghtest quarrel. When
a Nubian goes from one village to another, he either carries a
long heavy stick (c^jj) covered with iron at one of its extremities,
or his lance and target. The lance is about five feet in length,
including the iron point ; the targets are of various sizes ; some
are round, with a boss in the centre; others resemble the ancient
Macedonian shield, being of an oblong form, four feet in length,
with and curved edges, covering almost the whole body. These
targets, which are sold by the Sheygya Arabs, are made of the
skin of the hippopotamus, and are proof against the thrust of a
lance, or the blow of a sabre. Those who can afford it, possess also
a sword, resembling in shape the swords worn by the knights of the
middle ages, a long straight blade, about two inches in breadth,
with a handle in the form of a cross; the scabbard, for fashion
sake, is broader near the point, than at the top. These swords are
of German manufacture, and are sold to the Nubians by the merchants of Egypt, at from four to eight dollars apiece. Fire-arms
are not common ; the richer classes possess match-locks. End Quote.

This suggests that the swords were ready-made and not just imported blades with locally affixed handles.

Ed

[Jim McDougall]

Outstanding Ed! super slueth.........Ive been distracted and not yet well into the rabbit hole. So it appears that the swords, clearly imported , were coming into the North African trade centers as early as 1814 (suggesting of course that the situation was extant likely for some time.
I had read it seems somewhere that old swords in considerable numbers had been circulated through various channels into Malta, where many ended up with trade networks and into North African entrepots, most notably Egypt.

From here it seems that the simple cross guard broadsword was established in these regions long before the 'kaskara' form as we know it had become a recognized indiginous form in the Sudan. Very important is the note of the broadened scabbard tip which appears to be of course a fashion or symbolic element.

This begs the question, what does this significant 'flare' mean? did it indeed come from some iconographuc source with origins in Meroe, as has been suggested? must find my old notes.

While the Mamluks in Egypt certainly maintained the use of these kinds of simple guard broadswords in their conservative manner, how would this correspond more generally with fully mounted broadswords of mostly German make? There are of course the swords of much earlier, and the Crusades which were in Alexandria, and removed to Istanbul, I think in 16th c.

Now well into the rabbit hole............I think I see your light ahead....its dark in here!

[Edster]

More info from Burkhardt's Travels in Nubia. as referenced by post #16 above.This time it's p.407 of book & p. 303 of narritive. He is discribing items sold at the market in Shendy, one of the largest towns and markets on the Nile. He says, Quote"Sword-blades, of the kind, which I have already
described, and which are in common use all over the Black countries to the east of the Fezzan trade. They come from Sohlingen in
Germany ; about three thousand of them are annually sold at Cairo to the southern traders." end of quote.

This suggests that just the blades are imported and sold in Shendy unlike the complete swords suggested as trafficed also from Cairo in Dongola as referenced in Post #16 above. "Curiouser and curiouser!"

Best,
Ed

[TVV]

I am almost certain that the swords were not produced fully assembled in Germany, but only blank blades which were exported all over the place, from the Sahel through Sudan to Oman and even further. If there were completed swords produced in Germany, we would be seeing much more uniformity in hilt design and materials.

Instead, given the diversity in hilt styles and coverings, it appears that this was done more locally. I guess the question really is how much of it was done in Sudan and how much of it was done in workshops in Cairo.

I know in the Balkans manufacturing activity was organized in esnafs, with division of labor and meticulous records for taxation purposes. While there are probably no written records for Sudan proper, there could be historic records on the workshops in Cairo and Alexandria such as the names and ages of the craftsmen at various times and the levels of their production. This would require a deep dive into archives from Ottoman times and from Muhammad Ali's reign, and that can probably only be accomplished by an Egyptian academician.

[Jim McDougall]

I agree Teodor, it was the blades that were arriving in volume through the various centers at the ports, then into the trade networks. While there may have been incidental arrival of fully assembled swords from Europe, typically it was the blades which were in demand and for local hilting.

The fully assembled swords were those circulating among the Mamluks during their rule in Egypt, and the subsequent upheavals and relocation which were the strongest influence on the development of Sudanese kaskara hilts, as well described in Ed's excellent work.
As noted, only a VERY tenacious researcher in Egypt and other Ottoman resources would be able to find records of these matters.

Kinda wonder where Burckhardt got those statistical numbers.

WAY curiouser and curiouser!!

[Edster]

TVV, Jim, Good observations.

It could be that the "kaskara" began to get its distinctive style via the relative flat ends of the Sennariya cross guard. Likely made in Sennar by local blacksmiths and distributed to the markets and fitted say at Shendy market to the imported blades. Then distributed throughout the area as complete swords as many caravans, including to Dongola, came through Shendy. It's not as complex to forge as the perhaps later developed lozenge style Sammaniya we normally recognise.

See discussion of the Sennariya guard from Page 9 of my Kaskara Crossguards paper and Figs. 8 & 9. (I can't extract the figures to illustrate.)

Best,
Ed