Kattara for comments - Page 6

Michael Blalock · 15th November 2011, 05:59 PM

The marks on the last picture of the blade do look like remants of lettering to me but I can't make anything out. Maybe the guys at the FBI who can read filed off serial numbers could read it. I could try various spectrum of light.

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 16th November 2011, 02:32 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Michael Blalock

The marks on the last picture of the blade do look like remants of lettering to me but I can't make anything out. Maybe the guys at the FBI who can read filed off serial numbers could read it. I could try various spectrum of light.

Salaams... What you mean the Forum Blade Investigators?

Regards Ibrahiim

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 20th November 2011, 05:13 PM

Salaams All,

The investigation continues and we are at a crossroads in the research rather than a stall point. Various additional information has come to light including the alternative use of a sandal as a shield in the absence of the Terrs and some indicators of stamp maker marks on old Kattara from the interior plus a very recent pair of perhaps old 18th C curved Sayf blades possibly from Salalah with identical "god is great stamps" different to any seen so far.

I offer the following framework so far uncovered to date;

We have concluded that extensive evidence indicates an early Abbasid influenced straight sword, rigid, with turned down quillons, 8 sided hilt and Islamic pommel with occasionally blade dots; Sword variously Shown on this thread. Date of design and inception 751 AD , parallel with the appearance in Oman of The First Immam, Ibn Julanda. The early Kattara used as the "Heraldic" Ibathi Sword used against the Abbasids garrisoned in Oman whose Caliphs in Iraq vehemently disagreed with the formation of the splinter group Ibathi sect.

Thus; The Omani Sword known as Kattara used in unison with the Terrs Shield and displayed in the Funoon as both an ancient ritual parade sword dance and mimic martial dance notably in The Razha; The Sword Dance... in the mid 8thC. A.D.

The sword went on for a thousand years or more (Gaining Iconic status in the last 200 years) though perhaps in the 17th C a replacement thinner lighter more flexible blade appeared possibly from European sources. It is likely that with the advent of gunpowder sparked the demise of bladed weapons though the loss of expertise in making original wing shaped cross sectioned blades may also have led to the cheaper replacements. In fact the story could be a reversal of that since all males over about 16 years of age are eligible to yield a Kattara and that more men now have a sword for ritual dancing than ever before.

Some time later perhaps in the 18th ? 19th C a complete sword appeared i.e. blade hilt and pommel as one piece. This blade was very Flexible capable of a 90 degree bend from the spatulate tip. It was to revolutionise the Funoon. It has been suggested it is a European Trade Blade though no solid proof exists. The blades carry a variety of blademarks many of which are fake or copies. No ships manifests have yet been discovered of numbers of blades in the hold for delivery to Oman. It is suggested by association that since Africa was awash with German blades then Oman must also have been. Yet no evidence exists, no other place in the Red Sea, Africa, Yemen India or Iran sport these blades. They are entirely specific to Oman and no blade stamps are conclusive as to origin. Tantalising blades similar but not flexible and much thicker seem to come from Saudia and or Yemen as #1 on this thread which may or may not be related and carry distinctive blade marks suggested as being either a european copy (Peter Cull cross) or Islamic forms of Akhbar(great) short calligraphy form of the god is great stamp.

This was a dancing sword and could be buzzed in the air. Whats more it was peculiar to Oman only and the reason why it turned up in Zanzibar was because Oman owned it.. The sword encompassed the Terrs and inherited the name Kattara.

The point of the research is to try to define where did the new blades originate and when?

By normal trade inside Oman, through and between souqs, recent blades (aprox within the last 100 years) appear. Two known sources are Ras Al Khaimah and Salalah. It is likely that other centres have knocked out suitably made blades including Nizwa and Muscat. How much has leaked into Oman from Yemen, Persia, India, Sri Lanka, Zanzibar, Africa, Europe or other centres is unknown but is probably substantial. It could be that in searching for a mass influx at some point in time in the last 200 years of a vast quantity of blades is in fact chasing shadows but we are not alone in history and perhaps the art of "tilting at windmills" is still alive.

The search continues.

Regards,
Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

I will show the pair of Salalah Sayf in my next letter ..In detail... It may come as a shock to some...

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 20th November 2011, 07:14 PM

Salaams All,

Here are some pictures of a pair of identical blade marks made on apparently two different blade types at the same time and at the same position on each blade and on each side. I noted in my previous letter of swords leaching into the Omani system over the years however I would ask the forum a question;

~ Looking at the wear on these blades what would you attribute their age and where would you reckon they are from ~ ?

These of course are curved Omani Sayfs aren't they?... which attained Iconic status like a number of other Omani variants according to photos of various Sultans up to late 19thC and early 20th C. Known Iconic swords worn thus are Shamshir, Sayf, Zanzibari Nimcha, and Kattara both new and old(though, interestingly, not the somewhat fabled 17th C replacement variant blade for the old Kattara.)

The stamp is "God is Great" though in a form I have not, til now, seen. I would ignore the scabbards in both cases and hilt decoration as having been done relatively recently and of no significance perhaps.

Regards Ibrahiim.

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 21st November 2011, 07:02 PM

Salaams Forum,

Salaams, I have an important note for Forum,

Reference Motivate Publishing. The Craft Herritage of Oman. By Neil Richardson and Marcia Dorr in two volumes.

I have said that the straight weapon was called Kattara whilst the curved is called a Sayf. This is true and untrue to the extent that ;

1. Regionally there appears to be some flexible name useage/mixup.
2. People I ask just guess and say the first thing in their heads!
3. People don't know.

Here I give warning notice that we may have got it all the wrong way round.

The straight is a Sayf and the curved is a Kattara.

My reference is The Great Herritage of Oman by Richardson and Dorr, page 230. and page 455. I can seriously reccommend this book as the Omani artefact book .. The best I have seen... It even has reference pictures from My Fathers old store! I am embarrased somewhat by the fact that for decades I have been wrongly naming and referring to the swords when in fact they are the other way around....!!!

I started asking people a few months ago which was which and to my horror I realised no one had any proof and most were, as usual, guessing. Omani people call all swords Sayf or Saif or Kattara depending on which way the wind is blowing !! and come to think of it ... it makes little or no difference to them anyway. Trying to research under that arrangement drives me crazy !!

Forum please note! Straight Omani Swords are called Sayf and curved are Kattara. ~ I am very embarrassed and for the rest of the week I shall be wearing a set of donkeys ears !!

A curved Kattara in the Bait al Zubair collection looks to be 18/19thC and attributed possibly to German origin. (page 455 same ref.) The book also illustrates other curved kattara from Persia but used in Oman.

So the straight weapon is a Saif, The curved is a Kattara (or Kittara). There is another with a flambouyant wavy edge and a single fuller called Saif abu Falq. The blades with 3 fullers are termed abu thalath musayil. I heard the term for the first time today to describe the old Omani sword (turned down quillons ) as Yemeni Sayf !! though I proceed with great care along that road.

Some mystique continues to surround all things Omani and questions still arise in all sectors on origins particularly the so called European trade blades? I see a new derivative on the Old Omani Sword with a Royal Sa- idiyyah hilt. Regarding Ters Shields it is rumoured they came from Zanzibar and are of some amphibious animal hide that could be either/or Whale, Hippo, Rhino or Waterbuffalo.

Regards,
Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 25th November 2011, 08:32 AM

The straight is a Sayf and the Curved is a Kattara.

Salaams All,

There have been a few bombshells on the thread so far... a bumpy ride but I hope worth it eventually. Here is another ~

From a very well informed source within the Omani historical documentation record..page 450 of Richardson and Dorr (The Bible on Omani artefacts) says ;

Quote "The majority of steel blades used in Omani weaponry are of foreign origin. As late as the mid 20thC, however, many high quality Omani blades were produced by itinerant "gypsy" smiths who travelled from town to town working to commission. Today gypsy blade-makers no longer ply their trade but the traditional hand forging of Omani blades persists in a small number of workshops located in Northern Oman and Musandam".Unquote.

I believe that is the historical equivalent of a custard pie !!

This could well explain why:

1. The fact that no 2 Straight Sayf blades are the same.
2. No sword workshops appear anywhere to date (except in the Musandam)
3. The ghost like appearance of blades without proof of production.
4. My tilting at windmills.

Having now achieved thus far some reasonable details I am still looking at several discrepancies and need to confirm if there was a second thinner blade to the older sword sometime in about the 17th C. Regards Ibrahiim

"The straight is a Sayf and the Curved is a Kattara".

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 25th November 2011, 04:20 PM

"The straight is a Sayf and the Curved is a Kattara".

Salaams All ~ Brilliant News !!!

I have just been visited by the national documents researcher of Abu Dhabi Culture and Heritage; Madam Ghaya Khalfan al Dhaheri who is from the oldest and most highly respected family in Al Ain and a specialist in all things "artefact" in the UAE. The UAE are our direct neighbors and we almost ... almost ...share the same city. Our part is in Oman and called Buraimi... Their part in the UAE called Al Ain. Each is a few minutes drive..In the old days it was all one.

She has confirmed the details of The Funoon and Razha and indicated that the mimic fighting dance is called Ayaaleh and coresponds to the same routine with Sayf and Terrs as in Oman.

She confirms the name for the Old Omani straight sword ~ The Sayf with turned down Quillons ~ as also being the correct name ie Sayf.... or Saif. Further more that the local name was Saif Yamaani. The straight flexible sword that superceded it is called Sayf also in the UAE. The Kattara is the curved sword though she added that they also called a curved variant Sayf Damasc... which I take to be a Shamshir.

On the question of manufacture of swords by some amazing fluke it turns out that about 100 years ago her great grandfather Rakan Ibn Suroor al Dhahiri made swords in Al Ain 20 minutes away! They used the bellows method to raise the heat in the small furnace combined with a special wood called Al Yaraabi from the Samar tree. Often the furnace would be run for more than two days solid, day and night, until a weapon was produced. They had a team of bellows men working in turns to push air into the forge. Rakan Ibn Suroor actually made a famous sword called dark cloud (Ghamaam) for the father of the late ruler known as Sheikh Zayed The Great. I may relate that amazing tale later..

What is astonishing is that we have now identified a manufacturing base right here... within a few kilometres of Buraimi and of course the name and a great contact and a historian of some notoriety.

Regarding the situation about Gypsies (Zutood) ... I was pleasantly surprised to learn that a band of Gypsies used to come to this region Al Ain/ Buraimi many years ago from Oman having arrived on the Omani coast by Dhow from India. They were she said very Indian in appearance and did weird dancing , didnt pray, spoke an unintelligible language, stole everything they could lay their hands on and after a few weeks suddenly they would vanish to the Gulf Coast and presumeably onto a Dhow for India until the next time...

It is not beyond belief that the same or similar Gypsies perhaps having learned their trade from Hyderabad? pedalled swords and made them on commission for Omanis as per my previous post. This is perhaps the loose cannon in the equation and though probably untraceable it does explain some of the mystique ... A wandering forge sword manufacturing team !

Regards,
Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 25th November 2011, 08:02 PM

"The Straight is a Sayf and the Curved is a Kattara".

Salaams All,

At this point I would like to place before the Forum the results in numbered format to date so that the impact and direction of this thread can be fully seen. It may also act as a précis of the key results so far which are quite astonishing viz;

1. The Old Omani Battle Sword (Sayf) Turned down Quillons..dates to the beginning of Ibathi Islam marked by the appearance of the first Imam Ibn Julanda in 751 A.D. #65
2. It is similar in 11 ways to the Abbasid sword against which it was used. #5
3. It continued in service for around 1000 years; being passed down father to son, until its decline probably because of the advent of gunpowder and possibly because it was being superseded by a lighter more flexible blade but perhaps because the expertise in making the old blade had ceased to exist. #153
4. It has a living record in the Funoon, Razha and Agaaleh; traditional dance and martial mimicry from the inception of the first Imam and every year, many times, since. #56
5. It is called Sayf but its local name in the UAE and Omani Interior is Sayf Yamaani (the term for the sword from old Yemen) #157
6. It achieved Iconic status seen on a drawing at the waist of an(1890) 19th C. Sultan. #25
7. It was used in unison with a Buckler Shield (Terrs) made from an amphibious beast either Whale, Hippo, Water Buffalo or possibly Rhino. #155
8. It may have had a replacement hilt thinner and flexible fitted in the 17th C but detail is as yet unresolved.
9. A completely new blade appeared as a one piece "hilt blade and tang" possibly in the 18th and /or 19th C and 20th C and 21stC from external sources perhaps from Europe and /or local and / or other places like India; as yet unresolved.
10. The New Sayf retained the old name and the Buckler shield and was absorbed into the Funoon with a new style of handling and movement. #56 and 65
11. Local centres of production include Musandam peninsular and Al Ain/Buraimi. Nizwa may have made swords since they had the expertise to make copper utensils and iron tools using the bellows technique to increase the heat..#98 and157
12. A visitor (Mr Frazer) to Hormuz garrisoned by Omani troops noted in 1821….. that they wore a broadsword similar to a Scotish Claymore.
13. The famous British secretary ( Mr Ingrams) at the Royal Zanzibar Court in about 1910 noted that the Funoon / Razha sword dances were only performed by Omani men (born in Muscat… not Zanzibaris indicating the system was indeed Omani.)
14. Gypsies (Zutood) may have produced many swords in Oman with a wandering forge on commission. #156
15. The New Sayf gained popularity and Iconic status and seen in photographs on the waist of Zanzibari Sultans in the late 19th and early 20th C.
16. A flambouyant or zig zag bladed Sayf variant appeared at a point not yet determined but probably after 1821.#30
17. Sayf is the very old Arabic word for swords whilst Kattara may not even be an Arabic word at all and may have only joined the vocabulary in the 18th or 19th C with the advent of curved blades entering the arena from all points of the compass which in turn achieved VIP status like most styles of Omani swords photographed on the waist in Zamzibar etc. #21
18. A new nomenclature has been reported to Forum as "The Straight is a Sayf and the Curved is a Kattara". #155
19. Key reference material from The Omani Craft Heritage Documentation Project, Muscat Museum, Bait Zubair Museum and the Abu Dhabi Cultural and Heritage Foundation are offered as definitive proof so far along with almost 160 Forum letters many full of vital, excellent, helpful and constructive notes.

"The Straight is a Sayf and the Curved is a Kattara".

Regards,
Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

Iain · 26th November 2011, 12:09 AM

Thank you for the this detailed outline Ibrahiim. Your interactions with Madam Ghaya Khalfan al Dhaheri were particularly interesting to read about. This is absolutely the best possible method for conducting field research these days and I am grateful for you taking the time to do this and sharing it with us.

I also look forward to hearing the tale of the Dark Cloud sword!

All the best,

Iain

Jeff D · 26th November 2011, 02:33 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Ibrahiim al Balooshi

"The Straight is a Sayf and the Curved is a Kattara".

Salaams All,

At this point I would like to place before the Forum the results in numbered format to date so that the impact and direction of this thread can be fully seen. It may also act as a précis of the key results so far which are quite astonishing viz;

1. The Old Omani Battle Sword (Sayf) Turned down Quillons..dates to the beginning of Ibathi Islam marked by the appearance of the first Imam Ibn Julanda in 751 A.D. #65
2. It is similar in 11 ways to the Abbasid sword against which it was used. #5
3. It continued in service for around 1000 years; being passed down father to son, until its decline probably because of the advent of gunpowder and possibly because it was being superseded by a lighter more flexible blade but perhaps because the expertise in making the old blade had ceased to exist. #153
4. It has a living record in the Funoon, Razha and Agaaleh; traditional dance and martial mimicry from the inception of the first Imam and every year, many times, since. #56
5. It is called Sayf but its local name in the UAE and Omani Interior is Sayf Yamaani (the term for the sword from old Yemen) #157
6. It achieved Iconic status seen on a drawing at the waist of an(1890) 19th C. Sultan. #25
7. It was used in unison with a Buckler Shield (Terrs) made from an amphibious beast either Whale, Hippo, Water Buffalo or possibly Rhino. #155
8. It may have had a replacement hilt thinner and flexible fitted in the 17th C but detail is as yet unresolved.
9. A completely new blade appeared as a one piece "hilt blade and tang" possibly in the 18th and /or 19th C and 20th C and 21stC from external sources perhaps from Europe and /or local and / or other places like India; as yet unresolved.
10. The New Sayf retained the old name and the Buckler shield and was absorbed into the Funoon with a new style of handling and movement. #56 and 65
11. Local centres of production include Musandam peninsular and Al Ain/Buraimi. Nizwa may have made swords since they had the expertise to make copper utensils and iron tools using the bellows technique to increase the heat..#98 and157
12. A visitor (Mr Frazer) to Hormuz garrisoned by Omani troops noted in 1821….. that they wore a broadsword similar to a Scotish Claymore.
13. The famous British secretary ( Mr Ingrams) at the Royal Zanzibar Court in about 1910 noted that the Funoon / Razha sword dances were only performed by Omani men (born in Muscat… not Zanzibaris indicating the system was indeed Omani.)
14. Gypsies (Zutood) may have produced many swords in Oman with a wandering forge on commission. #156
15. The New Sayf gained popularity and Iconic status and seen in photographs on the waist of Zanzibari Sultans in the late 19th and early 20th C.
16. A flambouyant or zig zag bladed Sayf variant appeared at a point not yet determined but probably after 1821.#30
17. Sayf is the very old Arabic word for swords whilst Kattara may not even be an Arabic word at all and may have only joined the vocabulary in the 18th or 19th C with the advent of curved blades entering the arena from all points of the compass which in turn achieved VIP status like most styles of Omani swords photographed on the waist in Zamzibar etc. #21
18. A new nomenclature has been reported to Forum as "The Straight is a Sayf and the Curved is a Kattara". #155
19. Key reference material from The Omani Craft Heritage Documentation Project, Muscat Museum, Bait Zubair Museum and the Abu Dhabi Cultural and Heritage Foundation are offered as definitive proof so far along with almost 160 Forum letters many full of vital, excellent, helpful and constructive notes.

"The Straight is a Sayf and the Curved is a Kattara".

Regards,
Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

Thanks

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 26th November 2011, 10:14 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Iain

Thank you for the this detailed outline Ibrahiim. Your interactions with Madam Ghaya Khalfan al Dhaheri were particularly interesting to read about. This is absolutely the best possible method for conducting field research these days and I am grateful for you taking the time to do this and sharing it with us.

I also look forward to hearing the tale of the Dark Cloud sword!

All the best,

Iain

Salaams Iain, ~Are you sitting comfortably? ~ Then I'll begin ~ Once upon a time ~About 100 years ago~
Rakan Ibn Suroor al Dhahiri, now recognised as a great sword maker on the Buraimi/ al Ain oasis which I believe was called Tawam in those days operated a bellows enhanced forge and using special high temperature burning wood as described. To keep the furnace hot a team of bellows men took it in turns to operate the hand blower system made of animal skins. Rakan was always in trouble at home because once started it took two days non stop work to complete a sword~ an absence which made his wife very angry !
The Sheikh .. Sheikh Zayed The Great .. and his entourage were involved in a sword fight and in his party was Rakan . The Sheikhs sword snapped in half and quickly Rakan handed him his own sword and thus without a weapon withdrew from the afray... fast! Zayed continued the fight finished off the enemy and noticed how fine had been the weapon which though given brutal hammering against the foe... seemed to be unscathed. Later as he handed back Rakans sword he remarked asking who made this fine blade? Rakan said it was he... Rakan the Swordmaker. Zayed was surprised and had heard of the master craftsman but hadnt realised he was in his group ... Rakan asked if he could make a sword for him.... and Zayed agreed.
It took 2 months on the forge to make the blade. Rakans wife would be furious!
When he delivered it to the Sheikh he was asked by Zayed... how is the blade?... to which he replied that it was an excellent edge and very strong to which he had given it the name Dark Cloud . Zayed The Great remarked that it had better be good because if it wasn't he would come back and test it on Rakan...
Soon after there was a meeting of all the leaders and a feast ensued ... preceeded by the slaughtering of a camel for the feast. An ideal opportunity to test the blade! The sheikh drew his sword and in one fell swoop cut the beast entirely in half!
Dark Cloud had spoken... In later years when the leader died the sword passed to the sons who fought and killed each other til finally Khaliffa took the weapon and hid it somewhere in the desert so it could not kill again.

Thus the story of Dark Cloud passed into folklore of The UAE.

Regards Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 26th November 2011, 10:20 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Jeff D

Thanks

Salaams Jeff D, I think the points so far discovered also indicate the direction we need to proceed in... to finally conclude this part of the research. Im glad you like the detective work so far.

Regards,
Ibrahiim al Balooshi.
On The Buraimi Oasis.

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 26th November 2011, 11:53 AM

Straight Omani Sayf. (or Saif)

Showing 3.

1.Top.The Sayf Abu Falq. Flambouyant zig zag blade occasionally seen.

2.Centre The Sayf. Probably the weapon that superceded 3 below in the late 18/early19th C (and until today) from a variety of sources possibly European and certainly local manufacture.

3.Bottom The Sayf Yamaani; The ancient Omani Battle Sword design of around 751 AD lasting 1000 plus years. Origin uncertain but Hadramaut Yemen is suspect, Basra Iraq or elsewhere possibly Oman. Replaced gradually by 2 above from late 18/early 19thC.

*A sword with 3 fullers is also referred to as Abu Thalath Musayil.
** All curved swords are called Kattara in Oman including Shamshir, Nimcha and any other curved variants.

The Buckler Shield(Terrs or Turs) is made from Hippo, Rhino, Waterbuffalo or Whale hide and said to came from the region of Zanzibar.

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 30th November 2011, 05:53 PM

Salaams, Notes to forum ~

1.In 1878 a Mr Geary (editor of the Times of India) visited Muscat and wrote of the weapons he saw carried by locals ~ A favourite weapon is a straight broad two-handed sword, the sweep of which would take off a man's thigh or even cut him in two at the waist.The swordsmen carried over their shoulder small shields of rhinoceros horn 8 or 9 inches in diameter....

2.Captain James Welstead in 1835 at Jalaan Bani Bu Ali (on the Eastern edge of the Wahaybah) remarked on the Funoon, Razha, sword parade and dance that the blades of their swords are 3 feet in length, straight, thin, double edged and as sharp as a razor.

3.Mr Frazer who also visited Hormuz in 1821 (and Oman at the same time as Welstead in about 1835) described The Omani Garrison at Hormuz swords as similar to Scotish Broadswords and also described separately in Oman later the Ters buckler shields..

Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 1st December 2011, 09:52 AM

~The Gypsy (Zutoot) Situation in Oman.~

It has been suggested in my previous posts that Gypsies from India wandered about in Oman randomly doing sword manufacturing for commissions using a wandering forge system.

Evidence is almost impossible to verify, though, there are a few exceptional accounts from those that can remember or by stories passed down the ages. It is tantalizing that Gypsies from Hyderabad could have been involved.
The following skills were practiced in Oman by Zutoot (Gypsies) from India who had dark skin, danced and played music, stole everything , moved about from place to place, used an unintelligible language and had no apparent religion. Their skills viz;

1. Tinning.
2. Fixing broken metal objects.
3. Sword and knife makers fixers and sharpeners.
4. Medical Practitioners.

Tinning. Virtually every copper and brass vessel, plate, tray, spoon, ladle and coffee pot was traditionally tinned. This was normally done by drenching the object in molton tin and draining off the superfluous metal. It was done to protect from verdigris poisoning.

Fixing broken metal objects. Many pots even today can be seen to have crenelated repairs and resoldering repairs etc..Far less expensive than a new item repairing was standard practice.

Sword and Knife makers, fixers and sharpeners. It is noted from the Cultural Heritage of Oman that swords were said to be made on commission by Gypsies. Local dignatories can remember Zutoot making basic knives on the Buraimi Oasis and some apparently still exist today and are sought. National Documents Research Abu Dhabi have also given similar evidence.

Medical Practitioners. This was a cross between herbal medicine superstitious belief and accepted socio-religious structures; Zutoot were experts at Circumcision. They knew herbal cures.

Timeline. All sources indicate that frequent visits by Zutoot faded out between 30 and 40 years ago which ties in with events in Oman since most of the above activities became rapidly obsolete after 1970 . Before that there were no doctors, clinics or hospitals and modern items like plastic vessels and pots had not yet appeared. Work for a few bands of wandering tinkers would have been quite plentiful. Once Oman had been injected into the late 20th Century many of the ancient ways vanished. The Zutoot went out on that ticket…it seems.

To what extent did Gypsies make weapons in Oman? No written record exists but it may be assumed that a few swords were made; perhaps dozens but not hundreds. Apparently no examples exist/have yet been discovered today. It is more likely that they were repairers of broken handles and blade sharpeners but some sword making cannot be ruled out. They may have been from Hyderabad, therefore, expert swords makers, however, I suggest they were of small importance but fascinating in the general picture of Omani Swords and their development.

A fairly vast quantity of information exists on Gypsy history and I have included that in my notes though those have been largely plagiarized from the web. I have outined in Bold Print the relevant skills. All of the detail concerns their history in Europe and parts of the Islamic world though nothing exists from Oman. It makes interesting reading especially and in addition; the gunpowder weaponry in which they were engaged.

Regards,
Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

Notes; Web References:

http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/history/early-european-history-first-discrimination/ottoman-empire
[URL=http://www.hinduwisdom.info/War_in_Ancient_India.htm (for all things India)[/URL]

Gypsies
Artillery was introduced into Europe by the Roma (Gyspsies), who were none else than the Jats and Rajputs of India.

This has been revealed in a study by a reputed linguist, Weer Rajendra Rishi, after an extensive tour of Roma camps in Europe.
He explains that the Romas, who are the Gypsies of Europe, also taught the use of artillery to Europeans. These Roma belonged to the Jat and Rajput clans who left India during the invasions by Mohamud Ghaznavi and Mohammad Ghori between the 10th and 12th centuries of the Christian era.
He says the use of artillery was known in Asia, notably in India, from time immemorial, while it was introduced to the Europeans much later.
Mr. Rishi reveals that the Roma had helped different countries of Europe in making artillery. “Evidence of this is given as early as 1496 by a mandate of that date granted by Wadislas, King of Hungary, wherein it is said that Thomas Polgar, chief of 25 tents of wandering Gypsies had, with his people, made at Funfkirchen musket-balls and other ammunition for Bishop Sigismond. “In 1546 when the English were holding Boulogne against the French the latter took the help of two experienced Romas of Hungary to make great number of cannons of greater caliber than earlier guns. The Hungarian Roma of the 16th century possessed fuller knowledge of fabricating artillery than the races of Western Europe.
There were also records that the Roma were employed as soldiers by some countries of Europe. Dr. W. R. Rishi, is the author of the book, Roma - The Panjabi Emigrants in Europe, Central and Middle Asia, the USSR, and the Americas - published 1976. Mr. Rishi is a well-known linguist of India and was awarded the honour of 'Padmashri' by the President of India in 1970 for his contributions in the field of linguistics. He is also the Founder Director of the Indian Institute of Romani Studies.

THE TAX REGISTER OF SULTAN SULEIMAN I THE MAGNIFICENT
1522-1523, during the reign of Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent, another tax register was prepared, entitled “Comprehensive roll of the income and taxation of the Gypsies of the Province of Rumelia”. This vast register consisted of 347 pages and specifically dealt with the “Gypsies”. It recorded the number of “Gypsy” households classified according to tax communities, situated in nine judicial districts encompassing big parts of what is now the Balkan peninsula. This is a unique document with a huge quantity of data about the “Gypsy” population in the Balkans in the beginning of the 16th century.
The register recorded 10,294 Christian and 4,203 Muslim “Gypsy” households (in the total a further 471 widows’ households were included). Apart from these, there were a further 2,694 Muslim households in the “Gypsy sanjak”. According to the same calculations, counting each household having an average of 5 people, this made a total of 66,000 “Gypsies” in the Balkans, of which about 47,000 were Christian.
Further calculations made on the basis of this register are also of great interest. According to these, a total of 17,191 “Gypsy” households – in what became the territory of the present-day Balkan states – were distributed as follows: Turkey – 3,185, Greece – 2,512, Albania – 374, former Yugoslavia – 4,382 and Bulgaria 5,701, while the exact locality of 1,037 households is uncertain. The Ottoman tax registers are also a source for understanding the religious confessions of the Roma. Generally speaking, summarising the data yet available from the tax registers, it can be said that Christian Roma predominated in the 15th and 16th centuries.

HOW THE ROMA EARNED THEIR LIVING
Roma in the Ottoman Empire worked in a range of occupations. In the tax register of 1522-1523 the “Gypsies” were most often recorded as musicians (military or “free lanced”), which is also confirmed by other sources. The musical instruments most commonly mentioned are the “zurnas” (a kind of oboe) and drums, but other instruments were also used (most often the tambourine and in more recent times different string instruments). Along with this, there is much evidence about “Gypsy” ensembles with dancers (mainly Roma and sometimes Jewish women).

In many places around the world the Roma are known as smiths. This occupation has a long tradition, and has been well preserved in the Balkans until the present day. Although during certain periods of time – as in the early 16th century – Roma blacksmiths and ironmongers were relatively uncommon in the Ottoman Empire, evidence concerning blacksmiths becomes very extensive from the 17th century onwards. [Ills. 9, 10]

In some cases the Roma abandoned their former occupations and became involved in agriculture, which they practiced within the framework of the existing feudal possessions of military officers. For example, in an inventory of fiefdoms in the Sofia region, dating to 1445-1446, there is detailed information on one belonging of Ali, which included the village of Dabijiv; it consisted of 15 complete and 3 widows’ households; the inventory categorically states that “they are Gypsies”.

Ill. 9
Closely related to the art of the “Gypsy” musicians was the development of some specialised forms of musical theatrical performances, for example, the puppet shows.
(from Marushiakova / Popov 2001, p. 66)

In the 1522-1523 tax register, among the recorded occupations of the “Gypsies”, are musicians, tinsmiths, farriers, goldsmiths, sword-makers, stove-makers, shoemakers, slipper-makers, makers of clout-nails, leather workers, tailors, carpet-makers, dyers, ironmongers, cheese-makers, butchers, kebab-makers, gardeners, muleteers, guards, prison guards, manservants, couriers, monkey-breeders, well-diggers and others, occasionally including army officers, janissaries, policemen, doctors, surgeons.

Perhaps the earliest record of Gypsy migrations is that recorded in the Shah Nameh (or King's Book) written about 1,000 AD. The Persian poet Firdawsi tells of twelve thousand itinerant minstrels, the Luri, sent to Persia from India about 420 AD, upon the request of a Sassanide prince, Bahram Gur, who intended that they should lighten the life of his hard-working people and charm away their misery. He provided them with grain and agriculture that they should support themselves. This plan was, of course, doomed to failure. The Luri used the supplies and made no attempt at farming. Furious at the waste, the prince sent them all away and condemned them to roam and earn a living by smuggling and begging. This account was confirmed in 940 A.D. by the Arab historian, Hamza.

THE “GYPSY SANJAK” – ROMA IN THE OTTOMAN ARMY
The “Law concerning the Gypsies in the Province of Rumelia” confirms the special administrative legal status and the extended rights to taxation self-government for those living in the “Gypsy sanjak”. Dating from 1541, there was also a special law concerning the leader of the “Gypsy sanjak”. This institution originated in Anatolia but was modified to suit the “Gypsies” in the Balkans. In this case “sanjak” is not used in the usual sense of a territorial unit but in the sense of a special category of the “Gypsy” population which was involved in a number of auxiliary activities in the service of the army.
Roma were, however, recruited into the actual army as well. There is evidence, dating from 1566, that some members of the taxable population who were called up for military duties were Muslim Roma. Estimations made on the basis of the data preserved shows that during the 16th and the 17th centuries between 15,000 and 20,000 “Gypsies” must have been involved in the Ottoman army undertaking various services, mostly auxiliary military duties.

THE “GYPSY SANJAK” – ROMA IN ARMY AUXILIARY SERVICES
The “Gypsies” included in the “Gypsy sanjak” were grouped into “myusellem” (platoons) and their auxiliary units. At the head of each “myusyulem” was the “mir-liva” (major), a non-“Gypsy”, who was in charge of four captains and eleven corporals. For their service the “myusellem” (altogether 543) received land properties, 449 in total, situated in 17 regions of Rumelia. The members of the “myusellem” undertook auxiliary military duties. The head of the “Gypsy sanjak” was based in the town of Kırk Klise (modern Kırklareli) in Eastern Thrace.

Processes of sedentarization in towns and villages were active among the Gypsy population in the Ottoman Empire. A new type of semi-nomadic lifestyle emerged (Gypsies with a specific residence and an active nomadic season within regional boundaries). Most certainly, these processes did not include all Gypsies, nevertheless they were rather active. Often Gypsies would break away from their traditional crafts and take up farming (e.g. 15th c. the village of Dabizhiv populated only by Gypsy households was registered in Sofia county) but usually they still practised some occupations and crafts.

The most popular occupations were village blacksmiths and town musicians. Registers from the years 1522-1523 listed also tinsmiths, farriers, goldsmiths, sword-makers, cutlers, shoe-makers, curriers, sieve-makers, butchers, guards, servants, etc.

It is hard to define which occupations were traditional and which were newly acquired, but the traditional professional specialisation of Gypsy groups seems to have been the case in most instances. Demographic information about Gypsies in Bulgarian lands in 17th and 18th c. is incomplete and quite unreliable. However, one thing is obvious - the tendency of Gypsies to change their religion: while in the 15th and 16th c. Christian Gypsies were the majority, the ratio changed drastically in the 19th c. in favour of Muslim Gypsies.

Known as Dakshini - Sikhs, they belong to the Sikligar, Vanjara and Lubana castes and live as gypsies in various states across India.
The history of Dakshini Sikhs dates back to the time of sixth Sikh guru Hargobind in 1595.
They made swords, spears and shields for the Sikh army.

Their descendents worked for the tenth Sikh guru, Guru Gobind Singh, and joined his army to fight against the Mughals.
In 1832, the Nizam of Hyderabad requested Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the ruler of Punjab, to send his army to ward off attacks from the neighbours. Ranjit Singh sent a force of 2,000 Sikh soldiers, mostly from these castes, many of whom stayed on in Hyderabad.
The Nizam gave jobs to these soldiers who came to be known as Dakshini Sikhs.

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 6th December 2011, 12:50 PM

Zutooti (or Ztut or Zutoot)

Auxiliary Omani Sword Makers !

The anthropology of Gypsies in Oman and surrounding areas is apparently, as yet, undocumented. Their contribution to knife and sword making though slight is an intriguing factor in that study. They wandered around doing various tasks including tinning and repairs of brass and copper utensils, dishes and coffee pots. They had extraordinary knowledge of herbal medicines and were entrusted with minor operations such as circumcission. Like their counterparts who entered Europe via the Ottoman territories they saw gaps in the local market and as tinkers managed to make a living even where neccessary becoming small holders and farmers.

They could turn their hands to most things and were famous cannon makers and soldiers for the Ottomans. But who were they and what was their position in Omani society?

They may be Indian though it is still being researched and since that is where Gypsies originated (see notes below)...They are described only verbally as there are no actual records. Dark skinned, unruly, generally dirty, unkempt and of no known religion and using a peculiar unintelligible language. They came and went..They stole everything or so it was claimed. Their status was probably as low as it could be in society. Lower than slaves in days gone by. They married only within their own "sect". Allowing a Ztut into ones family would invariably result in daily arguement and fighting. The Ztut were an underclass yet were tolerated, however, with suspicion. Ztut did herbal cures and specialised in wild honey collecting. They knew music and could dance. Some of the girls were stunningly beautiful but regarded as untouchable regarding intermarriage. It appears that a househole would have a few slaves and perhaps a few Ztut under their umbrella but of the 2 Ztut were lower in the pecking order. Ztut were much more loosely attached thus could be expected to vanish overnight. Very odd?

These days they still exist but have retained the attachment of wariness and suspicion in society but still do tinker tasks. It would be very rude (adding to the difficulty in research) to walk up and say you are a Ztut I want to ask you some questions...I have discovered that they still have amazing knowledge of herbal remedies.. they still do wild honey collecting and still potter about doing metalwork. In the old days before 1970 they were very much part of the old Omani fabric where their role in limited sword making cannot be ruled out.

Regards,
Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

Notes; Unashamedly I attach almost entirely the brilliant work of Stephanie G. Folse sfolse@du.edu from University of Denver for reference and interesting reading.

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Tracing the history of a non-literate culture

Linguists compare Gypsy languages to historical languages; they look at words borrowed from other languages and when and where those words originally existed. It is possible to trace Gypsies back to their origin: the Sind area of India (today south central Pakistan -- the mouth of the Indus). Three separate emigrations occurred over the course of about four hundred years, traceable today in three identifiable linguistic populations: the Eastern Gypsy (Domari) in Egypt and the Middle East, the Central Gypsy (Lomavren) in Armenia and eastern Turkey, and the Western Gypsy (Romani) (Romany refers to the people, Romani refers to the language, Rom refers to a man or the people as a whole. Confused yet?

in Europe. This last group is the population most widely dealt with in reference works and literature, and therefore most of the information here pertains to them.

The first exodus was spurred by a ruler of Afghanistan, Mahmud of Ghanzi, who invaded the Sind area in A.D. 1001-1027. The second exodus arose out of attacks upon northwest India by Mahmud of Gorh (A.D. 1191-1192), and then the empire expansion of Genghis Khan (A.D. 1215-1227). The third took place during the reign of the khan Tamerlane in the late 1300's and early 1400's, when he attempted to repeat Genghis Khan's exploits.

Origin of the Gypsy

The cultural group that would later become the Gypsies led a semi-nomadic life in India, and has been tentatively identified as the Dom, which has been recorded as far back as the sixth century. The Dom performed various specialized jobs such as basket-making, scavenging, metal-working and entertainment, traveling a circuit through several small villages each year. This is not a unique phenomenon; the Irish Travellers, although completely unrelated genetically to the Gypsies, fulfill the same functions. Indian caste beliefs of the time may have been the original model for the strict purity and pollution ideology of the present Gypsies, modified over time through contact with other cultures. This semi-nomadic life allowed the Dom the opportunity to easily flee when battles threatened the area in which they lived, and apparently did so three times during the Middle Ages.

The European Gypsies are perhaps the original refugees from Mahmud of Ghanzi's wars, for all sixty Romani dialects contain Armenian words, suggesting that they passed through Armenia in the early 11th century on the way into the Byzantine Empire. The impetus to continue on and enter Byzantine Anatolia was most likely provided by the Seljuk Turks attacked Armenia during the 11th century and spurred the Gypsies onward

The earliest currently known reference to Gypsies is in a Life of St. George composed in the monastery of Iberon on Mt. Athos in Greece in 1068. It relates events in Constantinople in 1050, when wild animals plagued an imperial park. The Emperor Constantine Monomachus commissioned the help of "a Samaritan people, descendants of Simon the Magician, who were called Adsincani, and notorious for soothsaying and sorcery," who killed the beasts with charmed pieces of meat. (I wonder if the concept of "poison" never occurred to these people?) "Atzinganoi," the Byzantine term for Gypsies, is reflected in several other languages: the German "Zigeuner," the French "Tsiganes," the Italian "Zingari," and the Hungarian "Cziganyok."

During the next 200 years, the Gypsies slowly advanced southwest into Arabia, Egypt and North Africa, northwest into the Byzantine Empire and established themselves in the southern Balkan countries (Serbia, Moldavia, Bulgaria, Hungary and the surrounding area) before 1300. It seems likely to me that this movement was slow due to the westward pressure of the Mongolian Empire; all of Eastern Europe's population was in turmoil and Russian refugees were fleeing west at the time. Once Khubilai Khan died in 1294, the Mongolian Empire began its decline and the borders crept back east, easing pressure on Europe and allowing the Gypsies to expand more rapidly than the previous two centuries. They entered Dubrovnik (modern-day Yugoslavia) before 1362, and had blanketed the Balkans by 1400.

The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries came as close to a Gypsy Golden Age as there had ever been. Gypsies covered Thrace, Macedonia, Greece, Yugoslavia and Rumania long before the Ottoman Turks conquered those lands. There was a large population at the seaport of Modon in the 1300's, on the most popular route to the Holy Land, settled in the Gypsy Quarter, a tent-city just outside the city walls sometimes called Little Egypt. This exposure to pilgrims and the attitudes and privileges accorded to them may have led the Gypsies to adopt pilgrim personas once they spread into Western Europe.

The Gypsies seemed to prefer Venetian territories such as Crete and Corfu, perhaps because those lands were relatively safe from the constant Turkish incursions. The population, and therefore their annual dues, in Corfu increased enough to form an independent fief conferred in 1470 onto the baron Michael de Hugot, which lasted until the nineteenth century. In the town of Nauplion, in the eastern Peloponnese, the Gypsies apparently formed an organized group under a military leader, one Johannes Cinganus (John the Gypsy). The Venetians expected to be given military aid in the case of increasing Turkish raids, and may have hoped the Gypsies would cultivate depopulated land.

Gypsies a little farther north, in the Balkans, were not quite as lucky. They certainly had economic importance, valued as artisans practicing such trades as blacksmithing, locksmithing and tinsmithing, and also filled the niche between peasant and master, but to prevent escape the government declared them slaves of the boyars. They could be sold, exchanged or given away, and any Rumanian man or woman who married a Gypsy became a slave also. Liberty was not fully restored to them in Moldo-Wallachia until the nineteenth century.

During the fifteenth century, the nature of the Gypsies' hesitant travels into Western Europe changed. Before that time, they were quiet, unobtrusive and loosely organized, but afterwards they moved in a purposeful way, courting attention, claiming to be pilgrims and demanding subsidies and letters of dispensation. During the two decades after 1417, there are some interesting observations to make. The Gypsy bands seemed to have some unity of action and connection with each other, telling the same tales and displaying similar supporting documents (papal letters and such). A surprising fact is that well into the sixteenth century there is no mention made of Gypsies having their own language, and no apparent difficulty in communicating with the inhabitants of countries they were visiting for the first time. These groups were organized under leaders with noble names and titles, sometimes exchanged with other chiefs. This is unusual in that many of the countries of central and eastern Europe made sure that Gypsies did not rule Gypsies.

What was behind this curious behavior? It may have been the Turkish invasion of the Balkans in the early 1400's; Wallachia capitulated to Turkish rule in 1415, two years before the first Gypsy bands were recorded in Western Europe. The Gypsies themselves would probably not have been affected in the long run under Turkish rule (ignoring the immediate fires, sacking and battles), due to the Turkish habit of leaving civilian populations free as long as they paid taxes to their conquerors, not an unfamiliar state of affairs for Gypsies. Many people stayed and embraced Islam, but there are records of other refugees including nobles wandering west in groups and subsisting on charity. One traveler who visited Modon attributed the Gypsy migration to lords and counts who would not serve under the Turks. It seems that the self-interest of barons of Gypsy fiefs who stood to lose quite a bit under Turkish rule was the impulse behind the organized incursions into Western Europe, and at least during the first few years the men who claimed to be barons, counts and dukes were telling the truth.

Whatever the impetus, the Gypsies exploded into central Europe. The usual scam involved a group claiming to be from Egypt or Little Egypt (perhaps referring to Modon?) showing up in a city and informing city officials that they were Christians doomed to wander for a period of years to fulfill a penance imposed upon them for the sin of neglecting their religion. They would collect food, money and letters of protection from the city and then continue to the next town. By 1417, Gypsies were recorded in Germanic cities. In 1418, several thousand Gypsies under a leader called Count Michael showed up in Strassbourg. Gypsies were entering Brussels and Holland by 1420, Bologna in 1422, and showing up in Rome in July of that same year. They travelled into Spain by 1425 and Paris by 1427. By the middle of the century, rulers and town governments started banning Gypsies, usually citing theft, fortunetelling, begging and sometimes espionage as the reasons. Europeans also recognized as lies the Gypsies' claims to be pilgrims in exile from Egypt, but there are a few instances of alms being given into the sixteenth century, apparently by slow learners.

At this point their meteoric expansion westward stopped for almost a century. Groups traveled east from the Balkans into Russia, establishing themselves in Siberia by the early sixteenth century but they did not enter Great Britain until 1514, probably because a completely separate ethnic group, the Tinkers, already occupied Britain and performed the same roles Gypsies did in other countries: nomadic entertainers, knife-grinders, pot-menders, woodworkers, transient field employees and so forth. The impetus to enter the British Isles was probably given by late fifteenth century Spanish policies ruling against and banishing Gypsies. With nowhere else to go, they entered Britain, then finally Norway in 1544 and Finland in 1597.

Why stay nomadic for so long?

From an anthropological point of view, I would say that this transient, fully nomadic lifestyle developed in response to the constant fighting pushing them west. Originally refugees from India, they may have thought they would return to their homeland as soon as Mahmoud of Ghanzi's fighting stopped. Refugees quite often stay ready to return to their point of origin for many years once pushed out of their native lands. (A modern example: some Cuban refugees still keep bags packed in anticipation of returning at any time.)

When the Dom people left the Sind, they probably planned to live on the road for a few years and then return to their home territory. Normally, the second generation would have settled down in this "temporary" new area, but they were semi-nomadic to begin with, and then the Seljuk Turks invaded and pushed them farther west. After that the Mongolian expansion kept pushing them, and eventually the idea that there was a "back home" was lost. They retained their original semi-nomadic lifestyle in the midst of sedentary cultures, keeping their language and strict pollution ideology in order to maintain their unity as a people as well as clinging to something familiar in the midst of strange new cultures. They were mostly successful until the nations of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries grew powerful enough to force the majority to settle. Their identity as a separate people is still strong enough for them to remain the brunt of prejudice and hatred, a fact hammered home by the killing of half a million Gypsies by the Nazis during World War II. Now, it may only be a few generations until any idea of nomadism is leached out of almost all Gypsies

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 14th December 2011, 09:09 PM

A possible hybridization or variant of an Omani Blade or an actual Omani blade in Wootz.

During the last few weeks I have had a most interesting exchange of letters with Rick Stroud on the subject of his excellent knowledge of Wootz and Omani and Indian blades. Somewhere herein could be the answer to the origin of the sword on this thread at #1 and other similar weapons. More importantly we may be on the edge of a fresh discovery; Omani Swords with Wootz blades?

(Tagged on the end as a note is a comprehensive methodology on etching by Rick which I commend to the Forum with the proviso "That this level of work should only be attempted as a detailed program in a workshops environment by competent restorers and that if in doubt don’t do it… moreover have an expert do it for you".)

Below is a more or less precise interchange of letters between Rick and myself on the subject of Wootz in Omani Swords.

Please see this but if it does not work simply copy the string into search; http://www.vikingsword.com/library/rick_seldomwootz1.pdf

Salaams Rick,
In considering your sword shown on the webpage reference as Omani I have a few pointers which ring fence this type of weapon to the Red Sea rather than Oman.
First I have seen no Omani wootz examples therefore this suggests that there are none therefore it is an out of area blade on an Omani hilt. There are similar blades in both the museums of Saudia and Yemen on forum and TVV s thread #1 which I believe is a similar blade though not apparently wootz.
The second test is in the flexibility range which from an Omani blade ought to easily go through a 90 degree flex and return to straight immediately.

Your fine sword may not do that though may well be flexible in the 5 to 10 % range.

Thirdly yours is pointed to take advantage of the straight stiffer blade whereas Omani Sayf (of the type argued as European Trade Blades perhaps 17th to 21 st C ) are as you know; spatulate tipped.

Originally straight swords passed from the Mamelukes down the red sea though your blade may have been made as a one off perhaps in Sri Lanka or Hyderabad.

In conclusion I would suggest that your blade is a Saudia or a Yemeni variant on an Omani long Hilt. It could be an Omani merchants or slave traders sword but I believe it is on the flank as a peripheral and important Iconic Red Sea style.

Regards,
Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

Salaams Ibrahiim,
Thank you for the e-mail and thoughts about the Omani sword that used to be in my collection but unfortunately has moved onto another collector. A couple of details to add to your assumptions.

First, the blade is thin and very flexible/pliable. It definitately would bend 90 degrees and return true. You mention Saudia or Yemeni as a possible origin but as in your experience with Omani swords and not running across any wootz examples, in my experience, I have not run across any Saudia or Yemeni examples of wootz. Of course, this is not to say that none existed in any of these areas.

A couple of possibilities. One is that we don't have sufficient number of examples left in original polish. A rusted or well patina'ed blade doesn't always reveal the wootz pattern. Matter of fact, on the example under discussion, when I first purchased the sword a wootz pattern was not clearly visible. It was only upon close inspection that I noticed the pattern and I sent it out for a polish which revealed the pattern. It is an unusual pattern and not one I would classify as typical Persian, Ottoman or Indian wootz. However, over the years, I have seen a number of variant patterns that could have originated from anywhere.

Another possibility to consider is that there may have been a small center of blade forging that was familiar with forging wootz that eventually died out and no longer was passed down the generations. From that, there could have been a small production of wootz blades that you may find still hilted in Omani long hilts but the pattern no longer visible due to time and patina.

The third possibility is as you say, an imported blade. On the example we are discussing, in my opinion, a likely source for the blade would be somewhere in India. I have seen a number of very thin, very pliable blades mounted Indian style which would suggest either an Indian blade origin, or, an imported blade from another region. If only our blades could talk to us! No doubt, continued research into this area should yield more findings.

I would suggest that on every blade you have the opportunity to view, that you take it out into very good light and really study the blade surface to see if there are any signs of patterning. Even polishing/etching some blades would reveal the forging technique and metallurgical properties of the blade and with enough samples you may begin to see patterns/similarities enough to opine as to a possible origin for these blades.

With kind regards,
Rick Stroud.

Conclusion (By Ibrahiim)
Essentially I agree with everything Rick has said and have undertaken to search for the Omani Wootz connection by looking very closely at Omani blades.
The likelihood of an Indian or Sri Lankan Wootz sword maker looms large in my calculations. It is likely that sword style was copied from either an Omani straight form ~ Sayf ~ and or styled on swords emerging in the Red Sea area from Saudia or Yemen which may be of Mameluke (or pre Mameluke) origin.
We may be looking at an Omani slave traders sword or an Omani merchant sword. The door is perhaps opening to more Omani swords with Wootz Blades.

If it is the case that this sword and others turn out to be Omani then a very important find has been discovered. The sword is fitted to an Omani Hilt and is flexible though fashioned to a point. Nonetheless the indicators are there for a very interesting addition to the Omani Armoury.

Regards, and with particular thanks to Rick Stroud,
Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

Notes; Etching by Rick Stroud.

Hi Ibrahiim,
Thanks for the Christmas and New Year well wishes. Much appreciated.
Yes, feel free to record our conversation on your post. I'm happy to contribute in any small way.

As far as a polish and etch, my first recommendation is to utilize a professional polisher. I work with a gentleman in the US that does fantastic work and understands the proper way to clean, etch and neutralize the blade plus understands the proper contours of the blade, can straighten bent blades (when possible), etc. He really does great work. I have done some light cleaning and etching on my own. It is a multiple part process that you have to follow diligently.
The first is that the blade has to be made as smooth and as clean as possible. To do this, you have to remove any rust. Typically, a sanding block or sanding stone can be used to remove the rust but one has to be very careful not to scratch or damage the blade. Keeping the surface of the blade wet while doing this will help and then starting with coarser grades first and then moving down to finer grades will help remove scratches and keep the blade as smooth as possible. Deep pits are challenging because you have to remove too much of the surface of the blade so in those cases conservation of the blade is more in order than a full polish but you still may be able to determine if the blade is wootz or not in smoother/better areas. This is the most labor and time intensive part of the job. You can't rush it. You have to be patient and take your time.

Once you have removed the surface rust/oxidation and have the blade as smooth as possible you then need to make sure the blade is clean and free of any oils or other product. At this stage, you clean the blade thoroughly with a degreaser, like dish soap, and rinse with water. Once you have given it a good clean and then rinsed with water, dry it off with a towel and let it air dry for a bit. Make sure the blade isn't handled with your fingers because they contain oils and this defeats the cleaning you just did.

For an added layer of degreasing, you can take some acetone or denatured alcohol and wipe the blade down really well and then let it air dry for a while in a spot where it won't pick up any additional oils or particles.

Etching should be done with an acid like ferric chloride. It's best to start out with a diluted mix. About 2 teaspoons of ferric chloride and about 10 teaspoons of water. It's good to heat up this solution so the water being mixed in should be hot, even boiling hot. The blade should also be warmed up but not too hot. You don't' want to distort or retemper a blade from heating it up too hot. A hairdryer across the surface will warm the blade up or sitting in the sun for a little bit will warm the blade up.

Before etching the blade, you want to make sure you protect the handle or any important cartouche, inlay or koftgari. You can do a wax resist by the handle so the etchant doesn't run in there. You can also do this around the cartouche or a row of inlay or koftgari.

Then take a foam brush and brush the etchant onto the blade. Work the etchant thoroughly and evenly up and down the blade. Make sure you continue to reapply and keep "painting" the etchant onto the surface. Make sure you wear gloves because the etchant is not good for your skin. If there is a wootz pattern, it should begin to show up pretty quickly. Only etch the blade for a few minutes and then rinse with water. If you are seeing something in the blade, dry it real well, degrease it again, and then do another application of the etchant. I wouldn't do more than 2 or 3 applications. If a pattern is not showing by this time, then you are likely not to have a pattern.

Once finished with the etching, it is important to neutralize. You can take baking soda and make a paste with water. Make it thick enough to apply and "stick" to the surface of the blade. Leave it on for a few minutes and then rinse with water. Rinse well, take a towel and wipe dry and apply some acetone or denatured alcohol and wipe blade thoroughly. You may notice some discoloration on the blade from the etching. These are areas that were missed by the neutralization. You can take some 0000 steel wool and some oil and hit these spots to remove the color.

Most importantly, when you are finished with everything, you need to give the blade a good oiling. Depending on the steel, you may need to reapply a time or two as a blade tends to be "thirsty" after a good clean and etch. And that is pretty much it. At least one method. There are a dozen other ways to try and bring out a pattern but I have found this method to work pretty well on wootz. Good luck if you decide to give it a try.
All the best,
Rick

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 30th December 2011, 10:45 AM

Note to Forum. follows

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 30th December 2011, 11:02 AM

Note to Forum.

Salaams All ~It should be remembered that the Straight Omani Sayf has two distinct forms;

1. The original short Omani Battle sword and
2. The so called European Trade Blade replacement (17th ~ 19th C)

These are swords that work in tandem with a small shield; The Buckler Shield or Terrs.

The Terrs and Buckler Shield fighting technique. Terrs Wa Sayf.

I ventured onto the European Forum recently to examine some facts about European Buckler and Sword techniques in a bid to learn more on that and make some sort of suggestions on the origin of this type of combat and with reference to the Omani Style. For this I thank the European Forum especially Matchlock Freebooter and Broadaxe for their valuable contributions toward the system I Quote "from Broadaxe termed MS 1.33. From the famous German medieval fencing book Walpurgis-Fechtbuch MS I.33 of ca. 1320, now preserved in the Royal Armouries Leeds." Unquote.

The main questions being: How, if at, did the technique move from country to country and where did it originate?

One interesting gem gleaned in the European Forum ~ it appears that the system used in Lebanon was called the same but died out relatively recently... in the 1970s.

Clearly the technique used in Georgia by KHEVSAR tribesmen is also very similar. It is engrained into their tradition therefor it has survived in the same way essentially as "The Sayf and Terrs" technique in Oman.

As a bonus to that continuation in Oman is its inexorable link to the traditional Funun ... A played out dance(procession with swords and sword with shield mimic fight (ayalaah), music and poetry pageant practised many times a year at weddings, social gatherings, National Day celebrations and Bi Annual Eid Festivals thus tying it to the religious historical record.

The Georgians were very much part of the Crusader contingent and it is not inconceivable that this form was taken from their soirres into the Holy Land. Lebanon on the doorstep of the region would have easily absorbed the technique. Nights Templar and Masonic lodges and other military groups would certainly have experienced this system and could have adopted modified or studied the technique and transported it with them to Europe. Pilgrims may also have made the weapon system known to Europe.

Which way did it happen?... Did the Europeans or Arabs introduce it? My view is that the Funun started in about 751 in support of the Ibathi brand of Islam in Oman but that it actually commenced even earlier and in honour of the general Islamic movement in about 630 AD.

I therefor present the system as originating from Oman and spreading to other Arab countries in a ripple inspired by war, trade and socio-relgious interaction into the central Jerusalem hub. It is suggested that both the Georgian and European contingents absorbed this technique in Jerusalem.

As in most things it froze in Oman and in "The Funun" and was either adopted and retained as by the Khevsars or practiced in Europe for many centuries but waned and died out i.e.. in Europe because of the transition to gunpowder weapons and because it was not sealed within a socio-religious document. It was just a fighting technique.

In Europe it developed with more of the rapier style of sword though I see in the references fairly broad swords being also used... clearly the system was attractive because of the speed and balance of the combination.

I offer this as a forum note and invite suggestions. (Meanwhile I sketch out the direction required for advancing the theory and contradictions of European Trade Blades~plus further research on the Old Omani Battle Sword as well as the curved variants ) pictured below

Straight Sayf. Old Omani Battle Sword. Buckler. Curved Kattara.

Regards,
Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

For the finer points of history and as a general timeline overview I place the following reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam

TVV · 30th December 2011, 08:10 PM

Interesting reserach Ibrahim.

Quote:

Originally Posted by Ibrahiim al Balooshi

Clearly the technique used in Georgia by KHEVSAR tribesmen is also very similar. It is engrained into their tradition therefor it has survived in the same way essentially as "The Sayf and Terrs" technique in Oman.

The Georgians were very much part of the Crusader contingent and it is not inconceivable that this form was taken from their soirres into the Holy Land.

There are hisotircal sources that mention templars, which aided the Georgians at Didgori, but I am yet to see any sources about the opposite - Georgians travelling to the Holy Lands as mercenaries to the Latins. That does not mean it did not happen, but I would be interested in learning more about this with the proper historical argumentation.

It would also be interesting to see any parallels between the use of the buckler in Oman and the use of bucklers in India and Persia.

Personally, I am not sure if the sword and buckler technique originated somewhere and then spread out from Spain and Scotland to Rajhastan, or if it was independently developped in various places. A small, round shield is a very intuitive form, and the development of fighting technique with it and a sword does not seem that unique to require a single origin.

Regards,
Teodor

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 31st December 2011, 08:55 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by TVV

Interesting reserach Ibrahim.

There are hisotircal sources that mention templars, which aided the Georgians at Didgori, but I am yet to see any sources about the opposite - Georgians travelling to the Holy Lands as mercenaries to the Latins. That does not mean it did not happen, but I would be interested in learning more about this with the proper historical argumentation.

It would also be interesting to see any parallels between the use of the buckler in Oman and the use of bucklers in India and Persia.

Personally, I am not sure if the sword and buckler technique originated somewhere and then spread out from Spain and Scotland to Rajhastan, or if it was independently developped in various places. A small, round shield is a very intuitive form, and the development of fighting technique with it and a sword does not seem that unique to require a single origin.

Regards,
Teodor

Salaams Teodor~

Thank you for your constructive comments. I take your point since occasionally quite unrelated tribal structures appear globally and it is easy to conjecture buckler shield development as purely coincidental...However~

The Buckler is in the Omani Funun from the start of the Ibathi movement in what we generally consider as 751 AD. in Oman... though earlier if you take the start date of Islam proper.

Transition to the central sector which I include the Holy Land, Lebanon etc was through trade, war and religious pilgrimage. Via Mecca and direct. By sea and land routes; tried and tested.

Georgians and Europeans therefore would have viewed the system and likely came up against it and copied the form on any of the dozen or so crusades (Knights Templar, FreeMasons, Knights of Saint George et al)

System 133 the famous European Buckler and Sword style from the documents available appears to be from between the 10th and 13th Century... not before… so the Europeans developed it at the right time to agree with my assumption that it came to them from the Mediterranean.

My supposition on transmission is therefore: Oman, Mecca, Jerusalem, Lebanon (where it died out in 1970) Thence to Georgia and Europe via 2 different groups in about the 12th 13 th C..

Regarding India I think that may be linked though Oman has taken no bladed weapons to my knowledge (other than isolated firearms) from there. By that I mean of the hundreds of excellent different weapons in the Indian Armoury I see none that have traversed to Oman (though there may be odd individual pieces) The style is Omani.

There are many reasons why but the main one is, I believe, enthroned by the simple principle of "it it works dont change it". Combine that with the virtual sacrasanct nature of the Sayf ~ The Old Omani Battle Sword which lasted plus of 1000 years alongside the Terrs Buckler shield. These 2 pieces of kit are Iconic and virtually heraldic symbols in the Omani tradition reaching back to the 8th Century. Antony North describes in vivid detail the nature of Arab arms which once accepted changed very little down the centuries; Islamic Arms and Armour.

Naturally I view Indian, Sri Lankan and Persian steel production as having a potential bearing on Omani weaponry though actual "sword style" is completely different and the shield is African in nature hailing from Zanzibar (though you can say from African coastal regions)
Some point to the Khanjar as being Indian however the word itself like the word for the straight sword (Sayf) are pure Arabic words.
Pinpointing the origin of the Khanjar may be the subject of a different post however it may never be accurately uncovered.

I suspect however that it began here and evolved into the Indian vocabulary of weapons in about the 15/16th Century via trade etc. Backing my claim is the appearance in one specific pageant where Jebali dancers in the southern province of Oman (Dhofar) practice with it to music in a similar way to the Sayf exponents though I have not a clue (yet) to the time scale on that. The Metropolitan Museum puts the appearance of Khanjars in India to the 16th Century.

~I would, however, only like to mention this on passing since it is off theme slightly (my fault) and to return to the main argument regarding Buckler and Sayf transfer of technology and style to Europe~

I point to the Holy Land and the Crusades, the Omani trade links, known camel routes, sea trade routes, practices, pilgrimages, pageants and wars combined with what we know of the technique and its identical Omani name in Lebanon 40 years ago of "Sayf wa Terrs" and therefore I suggest, that since it began here 500 years before the European book was written on the system that it probably evolved from Oman between the 8th and 13th Century A.D.

I welcome any constructive views and once again thank you Teodor for your important input.

Regards,
Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

ariel · 31st December 2011, 09:44 PM

[QUOTE=Ibrahiim al Balooshi

....since it began here 500 years before the European book was written on the system that it probably evolved from Oman between the 8th and 13th Century A.D.

Regards,
Ibrahiim al Balooshi.[/QUOTE]

Well, don't you think that it might be more fair to compare apples to apples, i.e. date of publication of the first Omani book on the subject?

Rick · 31st December 2011, 11:32 PM

Thread locked until Lew's return .

Lew · 1st January 2012, 08:40 PM

To all involved in this thread. First the use of a small shield or buckler in combat dates back thousands of years and was used by the Greeks and Romans along with many other cultures so there can be no real say in who invented the fighting system combination of sword and buckler first. All else is just speculation. Now as far as this kattara thread is concerned I really think it has run its course and I am starting to worry about it straying into into grey areas. So for now it will stay closed until I make my decision.

Lew · 3rd January 2012, 07:33 PM

After careful review I decided to reopen the thread. To all involved be aware that personal attacks will not be tolerated on this forum in any form!

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 4th January 2012, 05:48 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Michael Blalock

Attached are some close-ups of the three marks on this blade.
While taking these I realized that this is not a stiff blade.

Salaams Michael Blalock ~ Please SEE #6 on Ricks "Maker Mark ID" upon which I have commented on that thread.

Compare the Algerian Gun breach mark to your blade mark. Translated it appears to say Amal...(Acccording to Dom) and it looks very like the mark on your sword... All the letters are there stacked in almost identical stylised form. Thus the lid appears to be popped on origin of your Sword Mark... Algeria !

Regards,
Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

Note; I ask the question of the cross on the sword as being a short form of this mark.

Ibrahiim al Balooshi · 7th January 2012, 04:02 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by ariel

Well, don't you think that it might be more fair to compare apples to apples, i.e. date of publication of the first Omani book on the subject?

Salaams Ariel,

You want me to compare the publication of the first Omani book on the subject ~ I assume you mean with the 13thC European work and upon the basis of fairness?

I think the answer is no for a number of reasons ~

First, that your question assumes perhaps a competitive argument between the two systems whereas mine is a theory for discussion in that the two evolved one from the other in keeping with my conclusive statement at the end of my post viz;

"I point to the Holy Land and the Crusades, the Omani trade links, known camel routes, sea trade routes, practices, pilgrimages, pageants and wars combined with what we know of the technique and its identical Omani name in Lebanon 40 years ago of "Sayf wa Terrs" and therefore I suggest, that since it* began here 500 years before the European book was written on the system** that it probably evolved from Oman between the 8th and 13th Century A.D".

* it refers to the Omani system.
** refers to the European development.

Second, that whereas there is the 13th C European Fightbook on the European system M.133. No document appears so far on the Eastern technique anywhere near the same time frame if at all. Thus in comparing the techniques I have scrutinized the European style and liaised with the European Forum on the subject therefore I report that the similarities are too close to ignore (though always admitting that the evidence as in all forensic research is very difficult to uncover.) Would you have me give up because there is no Arabic Textbook?

Third, your assumption based on the comparison of publications is curious. How many books have been written on the European trade blade structure of circa the 18thC ?... None. Where is the documentary evidence on precise wootz manufacturing technology?... none..The list is endless but illustrates my point that simply relying solely upon books of reference will get us nowhere, however, placing these subjects under the microscope of decent research and proper discussion will help shine a light into the dim corners of antiquity that so far have been blind alleyways.
This is surely the essence of our Forum.

As you probably know ancient mediaeval scripts often written by the clergy offer clues, however, on the Arabian Peninsula they are few and far between... and I fear in this case are non existent, moreover, what we do have is a played out performance structure passing down the message of "life at the time" through the Funoon accompanied by music and poetry which I describe as "the traditions". Thus we are able to view the two styles ~ One in a book for the West and the other as a pageant for the East. In addition the western technique has continued into martial art form till today and in the case of the Lebanese System it resurfaced about 2 centuries ago but has since died out(1970) and was known by the identical Omani name of " Sayf wa Terrs."
I believe that was a clue Dr Watson?

If there is an inherent weakness in my theory it could be in the fact that the Lebanese fight style was dormant and only revived 2 centuries ago but died in 1970, however, I believe it was born from passed down and possibly unwritten treatise and perhaps some vague references linked to the Knights in that region during the crusades.. The Georgian concept fits well into the general mix.

Therefore, I argue (in Forum Terms) for the transmission of technology from Oman via the Jerusalem/Holy Land "cog or hub" of this ancient system into both Europe and Georgia.

Regards,
Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

Note; The Omani style evolved from the Abbasid occupation and wars during the 8th/9thC. A.D. The Abbasid sword has been shown to be very similar in almost a dozen ways to the Old Omani Battle Sword illustrated on this thread at # 5 The Abbasid were great copiers of the Greek style of most parts of life: architecture, mathematics, science and weaponry etc...

I do not say that the Omanis developed in isolation the form of "buckler and sword" but that they evolved their own development of the technique probably from Abbasid influence (originally Greek) and may well have passed that on as described...and on to exponents who also modified and evolved their own styles in due course.

ariel · 7th January 2012, 06:04 PM

Hi Ibrahim,
Thanks for the detailed response.
IMHO, the theory you are proposing falls under the category : "True, true, and unrelated"

Multiple cultures had swords and shields, even when the blades were made of copper and bent under minimal effort. Thus, any warrior would avoid direct blade-to-blade contact while attempting to damage the opponent's sword. Thus, parrying with a shield ( of whatever side and form) must have been the routine practice from times immemorial all over the world. I do not think one can pinpoint the origin of that practice to any specific locality with even a minimal degree of certainty.
Fencing books were popular in Europe for the past several centuries. It is a shame and a sorrow that only Mamluks bothered to compose manuals on military techniques and training. This is why from time to time this Forum and dozens other swordplay-interested groups raise a heated discussion on the use of shamshir or yataghan. As they say, if it is not written, it does not exist.
Crucible steel, indeed, was a mystery, and the europeans were not particularly interested in it, because of their different concept of military structure, artistic value or sanctity of the blade and their scientific/technological thrust, whereby they bypassed wootz in favor of equally good, but infinitely cheaper, quality steel. In the West , wootz remained a curiosity, an Everest that had to be conquered simply because it was there.

However, when in the 19th century the Europeans became interested in crucible steel, there were several articles in specialty journals or full books ( Crivelli, Anosov, Belyaev etc). For that, they ( or their representatives) had to travel to the East to actually observe the manufacturing process, because there was no Indian or Persian written recipe.

Overall, I admire your attempts to research the origins of Omani swords, but disagree with some of your too-far-reaching conclusions.

With best wishes.

Lew · 7th January 2012, 06:47 PM

Gentlemen

Since there is no real proof that the European style of sword and buckler evolved from Omani style can we just conclude that they evolved separately from each other and leave it at that? It seems to me that that this type of fighting system Was designed with a great deal of strategic thought and basic common sense by both cultures which often used in duels as a way to settle various personal desputes. In my opinion both cultures developed these systems out of necessity in order to deal certain aspects of there warrior based societies.

Atlantia · 8th January 2012, 01:55 PM

Thought you might be interested in the following.
A relic Kattara showing how the familiar short tang of the 'Kaskara' type trade blade is extended to the Omani block pommel.

20th November 2011, 07:14 PM	#154
Ibrahiim al Balooshi Member Join Date: Jul 2006 Location: Buraimi Oman, on the border with the UAE Posts: 4,408	Salaams All, Here are some pictures of a pair of identical blade marks made on apparently two different blade types at the same time and at the same position on each blade and on each side. I noted in my previous letter of swords leaching into the Omani system over the years however I would ask the forum a question; ~ Looking at the wear on these blades what would you attribute their age and where would you reckon they are from ~ ? These of course are curved Omani Sayfs aren't they?... which attained Iconic status like a number of other Omani variants according to photos of various Sultans up to late 19thC and early 20th C. Known Iconic swords worn thus are Shamshir, Sayf, Zanzibari Nimcha, and Kattara both new and old(though, interestingly, not the somewhat fabled 17th C replacement variant blade for the old Kattara.) The stamp is "God is Great" though in a form I have not, til now, seen. I would ignore the scabbards in both cases and hilt decoration as having been done relatively recently and of no significance perhaps. Regards Ibrahiim. Attached Images Last edited by Ibrahiim al Balooshi; 20th November 2011 at 07:31 PM.

21st November 2011, 07:02 PM	#155
Ibrahiim al Balooshi Member Join Date: Jul 2006 Location: Buraimi Oman, on the border with the UAE Posts: 4,408	Some important corrections to Terminology of Omani swords. Salaams Forum, Salaams, I have an important note for Forum, Reference Motivate Publishing. The Craft Herritage of Oman. By Neil Richardson and Marcia Dorr in two volumes. I have said that the straight weapon was called Kattara whilst the curved is called a Sayf. This is true and untrue to the extent that ; 1. Regionally there appears to be some flexible name useage/mixup. 2. People I ask just guess and say the first thing in their heads! 3. People don't know. Here I give warning notice that we may have got it all the wrong way round. The straight is a Sayf and the curved is a Kattara. My reference is The Great Herritage of Oman by Richardson and Dorr, page 230. and page 455. I can seriously reccommend this book as the Omani artefact book .. The best I have seen... It even has reference pictures from My Fathers old store! I am embarrased somewhat by the fact that for decades I have been wrongly naming and referring to the swords when in fact they are the other way around....!!! I started asking people a few months ago which was which and to my horror I realised no one had any proof and most were, as usual, guessing. Omani people call all swords Sayf or Saif or Kattara depending on which way the wind is blowing !! and come to think of it ... it makes little or no difference to them anyway. Trying to research under that arrangement drives me crazy !! Forum please note! Straight Omani Swords are called Sayf and curved are Kattara. ~ I am very embarrassed and for the rest of the week I shall be wearing a set of donkeys ears !! A curved Kattara in the Bait al Zubair collection looks to be 18/19thC and attributed possibly to German origin. (page 455 same ref.) The book also illustrates other curved kattara from Persia but used in Oman. So the straight weapon is a Saif, The curved is a Kattara (or Kittara). There is another with a flambouyant wavy edge and a single fuller called Saif abu Falq. The blades with 3 fullers are termed abu thalath musayil. I heard the term for the first time today to describe the old Omani sword (turned down quillons ) as Yemeni Sayf !! though I proceed with great care along that road. Some mystique continues to surround all things Omani and questions still arise in all sectors on origins particularly the so called European trade blades? I see a new derivative on the Old Omani Sword with a Royal Sa- idiyyah hilt. Regarding Ters Shields it is rumoured they came from Zanzibar and are of some amphibious animal hide that could be either/or Whale, Hippo, Rhino or Waterbuffalo. Regards, Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

25th November 2011, 04:20 PM	#157
Ibrahiim al Balooshi Member Join Date: Jul 2006 Location: Buraimi Oman, on the border with the UAE Posts: 4,408	"The straight is a Sayf and the Curved is a Kattara". Salaams All ~ Brilliant News !!! I have just been visited by the national documents researcher of Abu Dhabi Culture and Heritage; Madam Ghaya Khalfan al Dhaheri who is from the oldest and most highly respected family in Al Ain and a specialist in all things "artefact" in the UAE. The UAE are our direct neighbors and we almost ... almost ...share the same city. Our part is in Oman and called Buraimi... Their part in the UAE called Al Ain. Each is a few minutes drive..In the old days it was all one. She has confirmed the details of The Funoon and Razha and indicated that the mimic fighting dance is called Ayaaleh and coresponds to the same routine with Sayf and Terrs as in Oman. She confirms the name for the Old Omani straight sword ~ The Sayf with turned down Quillons ~ as also being the correct name ie Sayf.... or Saif. Further more that the local name was Saif Yamaani. The straight flexible sword that superceded it is called Sayf also in the UAE. The Kattara is the curved sword though she added that they also called a curved variant Sayf Damasc... which I take to be a Shamshir. On the question of manufacture of swords by some amazing fluke it turns out that about 100 years ago her great grandfather Rakan Ibn Suroor al Dhahiri made swords in Al Ain 20 minutes away! They used the bellows method to raise the heat in the small furnace combined with a special wood called Al Yaraabi from the Samar tree. Often the furnace would be run for more than two days solid, day and night, until a weapon was produced. They had a team of bellows men working in turns to push air into the forge. Rakan Ibn Suroor actually made a famous sword called dark cloud (Ghamaam) for the father of the late ruler known as Sheikh Zayed The Great. I may relate that amazing tale later.. What is astonishing is that we have now identified a manufacturing base right here... within a few kilometres of Buraimi and of course the name and a great contact and a historian of some notoriety. Regarding the situation about Gypsies (Zutood) ... I was pleasantly surprised to learn that a band of Gypsies used to come to this region Al Ain/ Buraimi many years ago from Oman having arrived on the Omani coast by Dhow from India. They were she said very Indian in appearance and did weird dancing , didnt pray, spoke an unintelligible language, stole everything they could lay their hands on and after a few weeks suddenly they would vanish to the Gulf Coast and presumeably onto a Dhow for India until the next time... It is not beyond belief that the same or similar Gypsies perhaps having learned their trade from Hyderabad? pedalled swords and made them on commission for Omanis as per my previous post. This is perhaps the loose cannon in the equation and though probably untraceable it does explain some of the mystique ... A wandering forge sword manufacturing team ! Regards, Ibrahiim al Balooshi. Last edited by Ibrahiim al Balooshi; 25th November 2011 at 04:35 PM.

25th November 2011, 08:02 PM	#158
Ibrahiim al Balooshi Member Join Date: Jul 2006 Location: Buraimi Oman, on the border with the UAE Posts: 4,408	Important points, at a glance, noted so far. "The Straight is a Sayf and the Curved is a Kattara". Salaams All, At this point I would like to place before the Forum the results in numbered format to date so that the impact and direction of this thread can be fully seen. It may also act as a précis of the key results so far which are quite astonishing viz; 1. The Old Omani Battle Sword (Sayf) Turned down Quillons..dates to the beginning of Ibathi Islam marked by the appearance of the first Imam Ibn Julanda in 751 A.D. #65 2. It is similar in 11 ways to the Abbasid sword against which it was used. #5 3. It continued in service for around 1000 years; being passed down father to son, until its decline probably because of the advent of gunpowder and possibly because it was being superseded by a lighter more flexible blade but perhaps because the expertise in making the old blade had ceased to exist. #153 4. It has a living record in the Funoon, Razha and Agaaleh; traditional dance and martial mimicry from the inception of the first Imam and every year, many times, since. #56 5. It is called Sayf but its local name in the UAE and Omani Interior is Sayf Yamaani (the term for the sword from old Yemen) #157 6. It achieved Iconic status seen on a drawing at the waist of an(1890) 19th C. Sultan. #25 7. It was used in unison with a Buckler Shield (Terrs) made from an amphibious beast either Whale, Hippo, Water Buffalo or possibly Rhino. #155 8. It may have had a replacement hilt thinner and flexible fitted in the 17th C but detail is as yet unresolved. 9. A completely new blade appeared as a one piece "hilt blade and tang" possibly in the 18th and /or 19th C and 20th C and 21stC from external sources perhaps from Europe and /or local and / or other places like India; as yet unresolved. 10. The New Sayf retained the old name and the Buckler shield and was absorbed into the Funoon with a new style of handling and movement. #56 and 65 11. Local centres of production include Musandam peninsular and Al Ain/Buraimi. Nizwa may have made swords since they had the expertise to make copper utensils and iron tools using the bellows technique to increase the heat..#98 and157 12. A visitor (Mr Frazer) to Hormuz garrisoned by Omani troops noted in 1821….. that they wore a broadsword similar to a Scotish Claymore. 13. The famous British secretary ( Mr Ingrams) at the Royal Zanzibar Court in about 1910 noted that the Funoon / Razha sword dances were only performed by Omani men (born in Muscat… not Zanzibaris indicating the system was indeed Omani.) 14. Gypsies (Zutood) may have produced many swords in Oman with a wandering forge on commission. #156 15. The New Sayf gained popularity and Iconic status and seen in photographs on the waist of Zanzibari Sultans in the late 19th and early 20th C. 16. A flambouyant or zig zag bladed Sayf variant appeared at a point not yet determined but probably after 1821.#30 17. Sayf is the very old Arabic word for swords whilst Kattara may not even be an Arabic word at all and may have only joined the vocabulary in the 18th or 19th C with the advent of curved blades entering the arena from all points of the compass which in turn achieved VIP status like most styles of Omani swords photographed on the waist in Zamzibar etc. #21 18. A new nomenclature has been reported to Forum as "The Straight is a Sayf and the Curved is a Kattara". #155 19. Key reference material from The Omani Craft Heritage Documentation Project, Muscat Museum, Bait Zubair Museum and the Abu Dhabi Cultural and Heritage Foundation are offered as definitive proof so far along with almost 160 Forum letters many full of vital, excellent, helpful and constructive notes. "The Straight is a Sayf and the Curved is a Kattara". Regards, Ibrahiim al Balooshi. Last edited by Ibrahiim al Balooshi; 25th November 2011 at 08:22 PM. Reason: Text corrections.

26th November 2011, 12:09 AM	#159
Iain Member Join Date: Mar 2010 Location: Olomouc Posts: 1,693	Thank you for the this detailed outline Ibrahiim. Your interactions with Madam Ghaya Khalfan al Dhaheri were particularly interesting to read about. This is absolutely the best possible method for conducting field research these days and I am grateful for you taking the time to do this and sharing it with us. I also look forward to hearing the tale of the Dark Cloud sword! All the best, Iain Last edited by Iain; 26th November 2011 at 02:47 AM.

15th November 2011, 05:59 PM	#151
Michael Blalock Member Join Date: Apr 2005 Location: dc Posts: 271	The marks on the last picture of the blade do look like remants of lettering to me but I can't make anything out. Maybe the guys at the FBI who can read filed off serial numbers could read it. I could try various spectrum of light.

20th November 2011, 05:13 PM	#153
Ibrahiim al Balooshi Member Join Date: Jul 2006 Location: Buraimi Oman, on the border with the UAE Posts: 4,408	Salaams All, The investigation continues and we are at a crossroads in the research rather than a stall point. Various additional information has come to light including the alternative use of a sandal as a shield in the absence of the Terrs and some indicators of stamp maker marks on old Kattara from the interior plus a very recent pair of perhaps old 18th C curved Sayf blades possibly from Salalah with identical "god is great stamps" different to any seen so far. I offer the following framework so far uncovered to date; We have concluded that extensive evidence indicates an early Abbasid influenced straight sword, rigid, with turned down quillons, 8 sided hilt and Islamic pommel with occasionally blade dots; Sword variously Shown on this thread. Date of design and inception 751 AD , parallel with the appearance in Oman of The First Immam, Ibn Julanda. The early Kattara used as the "Heraldic" Ibathi Sword used against the Abbasids garrisoned in Oman whose Caliphs in Iraq vehemently disagreed with the formation of the splinter group Ibathi sect. Thus; The Omani Sword known as Kattara used in unison with the Terrs Shield and displayed in the Funoon as both an ancient ritual parade sword dance and mimic martial dance notably in The Razha; The Sword Dance... in the mid 8thC. A.D. The sword went on for a thousand years or more (Gaining Iconic status in the last 200 years) though perhaps in the 17th C a replacement thinner lighter more flexible blade appeared possibly from European sources. It is likely that with the advent of gunpowder sparked the demise of bladed weapons though the loss of expertise in making original wing shaped cross sectioned blades may also have led to the cheaper replacements. In fact the story could be a reversal of that since all males over about 16 years of age are eligible to yield a Kattara and that more men now have a sword for ritual dancing than ever before. Some time later perhaps in the 18th ? 19th C a complete sword appeared i.e. blade hilt and pommel as one piece. This blade was very Flexible capable of a 90 degree bend from the spatulate tip. It was to revolutionise the Funoon. It has been suggested it is a European Trade Blade though no solid proof exists. The blades carry a variety of blademarks many of which are fake or copies. No ships manifests have yet been discovered of numbers of blades in the hold for delivery to Oman. It is suggested by association that since Africa was awash with German blades then Oman must also have been. Yet no evidence exists, no other place in the Red Sea, Africa, Yemen India or Iran sport these blades. They are entirely specific to Oman and no blade stamps are conclusive as to origin. Tantalising blades similar but not flexible and much thicker seem to come from Saudia and or Yemen as #1 on this thread which may or may not be related and carry distinctive blade marks suggested as being either a european copy (Peter Cull cross) or Islamic forms of Akhbar(great) short calligraphy form of the god is great stamp. This was a dancing sword and could be buzzed in the air. Whats more it was peculiar to Oman only and the reason why it turned up in Zanzibar was because Oman owned it.. The sword encompassed the Terrs and inherited the name Kattara. The point of the research is to try to define where did the new blades originate and when? By normal trade inside Oman, through and between souqs, recent blades (aprox within the last 100 years) appear. Two known sources are Ras Al Khaimah and Salalah. It is likely that other centres have knocked out suitably made blades including Nizwa and Muscat. How much has leaked into Oman from Yemen, Persia, India, Sri Lanka, Zanzibar, Africa, Europe or other centres is unknown but is probably substantial. It could be that in searching for a mass influx at some point in time in the last 200 years of a vast quantity of blades is in fact chasing shadows but we are not alone in history and perhaps the art of "tilting at windmills" is still alive. The search continues. Regards, Ibrahiim al Balooshi. I will show the pair of Salalah Sayf in my next letter ..In detail... It may come as a shock to some...

25th November 2011, 08:32 AM	#156
Ibrahiim al Balooshi Member Join Date: Jul 2006 Location: Buraimi Oman, on the border with the UAE Posts: 4,408	The straight is a Sayf and the Curved is a Kattara. Salaams All, There have been a few bombshells on the thread so far... a bumpy ride but I hope worth it eventually. Here is another ~ From a very well informed source within the Omani historical documentation record..page 450 of Richardson and Dorr (The Bible on Omani artefacts) says ; Quote "The majority of steel blades used in Omani weaponry are of foreign origin. As late as the mid 20thC, however, many high quality Omani blades were produced by itinerant "gypsy" smiths who travelled from town to town working to commission. Today gypsy blade-makers no longer ply their trade but the traditional hand forging of Omani blades persists in a small number of workshops located in Northern Oman and Musandam".Unquote. I believe that is the historical equivalent of a custard pie !! This could well explain why: 1. The fact that no 2 Straight Sayf blades are the same. 2. No sword workshops appear anywhere to date (except in the Musandam) 3. The ghost like appearance of blades without proof of production. 4. My tilting at windmills. Having now achieved thus far some reasonable details I am still looking at several discrepancies and need to confirm if there was a second thinner blade to the older sword sometime in about the 17th C. Regards Ibrahiim "The straight is a Sayf and the Curved is a Kattara".

26th November 2011, 11:53 AM	#163
Ibrahiim al Balooshi Member Join Date: Jul 2006 Location: Buraimi Oman, on the border with the UAE Posts: 4,408	Straight Omani Sayf. (or Saif) Showing 3. 1.Top.The Sayf Abu Falq. Flambouyant zig zag blade occasionally seen. 2.Centre The Sayf. Probably the weapon that superceded 3 below in the late 18/early19th C (and until today) from a variety of sources possibly European and certainly local manufacture. 3.Bottom The Sayf Yamaani; The ancient Omani Battle Sword design of around 751 AD lasting 1000 plus years. Origin uncertain but Hadramaut Yemen is suspect, Basra Iraq or elsewhere possibly Oman. Replaced gradually by 2 above from late 18/early 19thC. A sword with 3 fullers is also referred to as Abu Thalath Musayil. * All curved swords are called Kattara in Oman including Shamshir, Nimcha and any other curved variants. The Buckler Shield(Terrs or Turs) is made from Hippo, Rhino, Waterbuffalo or Whale hide and said to came from the region of Zanzibar. Attached Images

30th November 2011, 05:53 PM	#164
Ibrahiim al Balooshi Member Join Date: Jul 2006 Location: Buraimi Oman, on the border with the UAE Posts: 4,408	Salaams, Notes to forum ~ 1.In 1878 a Mr Geary (editor of the Times of India) visited Muscat and wrote of the weapons he saw carried by locals ~ A favourite weapon is a straight broad two-handed sword, the sweep of which would take off a man's thigh or even cut him in two at the waist.The swordsmen carried over their shoulder small shields of rhinoceros horn 8 or 9 inches in diameter.... 2.Captain James Welstead in 1835 at Jalaan Bani Bu Ali (on the Eastern edge of the Wahaybah) remarked on the Funoon, Razha, sword parade and dance that the blades of their swords are 3 feet in length, straight, thin, double edged and as sharp as a razor. 3.Mr Frazer who also visited Hormuz in 1821 (and Oman at the same time as Welstead in about 1835) described The Omani Garrison at Hormuz swords as similar to Scotish Broadswords and also described separately in Oman later the Ters buckler shields.. Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

1st December 2011, 09:52 AM	#165
Ibrahiim al Balooshi Member Join Date: Jul 2006 Location: Buraimi Oman, on the border with the UAE Posts: 4,408	Gypsy Detail. Swordmakers? ~The Gypsy (Zutoot) Situation in Oman.~ It has been suggested in my previous posts that Gypsies from India wandered about in Oman randomly doing sword manufacturing for commissions using a wandering forge system. Evidence is almost impossible to verify, though, there are a few exceptional accounts from those that can remember or by stories passed down the ages. It is tantalizing that Gypsies from Hyderabad could have been involved. The following skills were practiced in Oman by Zutoot (Gypsies) from India who had dark skin, danced and played music, stole everything , moved about from place to place, used an unintelligible language and had no apparent religion. Their skills viz; 1. Tinning. 2. Fixing broken metal objects. 3. Sword and knife makers fixers and sharpeners. 4. Medical Practitioners. Tinning. Virtually every copper and brass vessel, plate, tray, spoon, ladle and coffee pot was traditionally tinned. This was normally done by drenching the object in molton tin and draining off the superfluous metal. It was done to protect from verdigris poisoning. Fixing broken metal objects. Many pots even today can be seen to have crenelated repairs and resoldering repairs etc..Far less expensive than a new item repairing was standard practice. Sword and Knife makers, fixers and sharpeners. It is noted from the Cultural Heritage of Oman that swords were said to be made on commission by Gypsies. Local dignatories can remember Zutoot making basic knives on the Buraimi Oasis and some apparently still exist today and are sought. National Documents Research Abu Dhabi have also given similar evidence. Medical Practitioners. This was a cross between herbal medicine superstitious belief and accepted socio-religious structures; Zutoot were experts at Circumcision. They knew herbal cures. Timeline. All sources indicate that frequent visits by Zutoot faded out between 30 and 40 years ago which ties in with events in Oman since most of the above activities became rapidly obsolete after 1970 . Before that there were no doctors, clinics or hospitals and modern items like plastic vessels and pots had not yet appeared. Work for a few bands of wandering tinkers would have been quite plentiful. Once Oman had been injected into the late 20th Century many of the ancient ways vanished. The Zutoot went out on that ticket…it seems. To what extent did Gypsies make weapons in Oman? No written record exists but it may be assumed that a few swords were made; perhaps dozens but not hundreds. Apparently no examples exist/have yet been discovered today. It is more likely that they were repairers of broken handles and blade sharpeners but some sword making cannot be ruled out. They may have been from Hyderabad, therefore, expert swords makers, however, I suggest they were of small importance but fascinating in the general picture of Omani Swords and their development. A fairly vast quantity of information exists on Gypsy history and I have included that in my notes though those have been largely plagiarized from the web. I have outined in Bold Print the relevant skills. All of the detail concerns their history in Europe and parts of the Islamic world though nothing exists from Oman. It makes interesting reading especially and in addition; the gunpowder weaponry in which they were engaged. Regards, Ibrahiim al Balooshi. Notes; Web References: http://romafacts.uni-graz.at/index.php/history/early-european-history-first-discrimination/ottoman-empire [URL=http://www.hinduwisdom.info/War_in_Ancient_India.htm (for all things India)[/URL] Gypsies Artillery was introduced into Europe by the Roma (Gyspsies), who were none else than the Jats and Rajputs of India. This has been revealed in a study by a reputed linguist, Weer Rajendra Rishi, after an extensive tour of Roma camps in Europe. He explains that the Romas, who are the Gypsies of Europe, also taught the use of artillery to Europeans. These Roma belonged to the Jat and Rajput clans who left India during the invasions by Mohamud Ghaznavi and Mohammad Ghori between the 10th and 12th centuries of the Christian era. He says the use of artillery was known in Asia, notably in India, from time immemorial, while it was introduced to the Europeans much later. Mr. Rishi reveals that the Roma had helped different countries of Europe in making artillery. “Evidence of this is given as early as 1496 by a mandate of that date granted by Wadislas, King of Hungary, wherein it is said that Thomas Polgar, chief of 25 tents of wandering Gypsies had, with his people, made at Funfkirchen musket-balls and other ammunition for Bishop Sigismond. “In 1546 when the English were holding Boulogne against the French the latter took the help of two experienced Romas of Hungary to make great number of cannons of greater caliber than earlier guns. The Hungarian Roma of the 16th century possessed fuller knowledge of fabricating artillery than the races of Western Europe. There were also records that the Roma were employed as soldiers by some countries of Europe. Dr. W. R. Rishi, is the author of the book, Roma - The Panjabi Emigrants in Europe, Central and Middle Asia, the USSR, and the Americas - published 1976. Mr. Rishi is a well-known linguist of India and was awarded the honour of 'Padmashri' by the President of India in 1970 for his contributions in the field of linguistics. He is also the Founder Director of the Indian Institute of Romani Studies. THE TAX REGISTER OF SULTAN SULEIMAN I THE MAGNIFICENT 1522-1523, during the reign of Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent, another tax register was prepared, entitled “Comprehensive roll of the income and taxation of the Gypsies of the Province of Rumelia”. This vast register consisted of 347 pages and specifically dealt with the “Gypsies”. It recorded the number of “Gypsy” households classified according to tax communities, situated in nine judicial districts encompassing big parts of what is now the Balkan peninsula. This is a unique document with a huge quantity of data about the “Gypsy” population in the Balkans in the beginning of the 16th century. The register recorded 10,294 Christian and 4,203 Muslim “Gypsy” households (in the total a further 471 widows’ households were included). Apart from these, there were a further 2,694 Muslim households in the “Gypsy sanjak”. According to the same calculations, counting each household having an average of 5 people, this made a total of 66,000 “Gypsies” in the Balkans, of which about 47,000 were Christian. Further calculations made on the basis of this register are also of great interest. According to these, a total of 17,191 “Gypsy” households – in what became the territory of the present-day Balkan states – were distributed as follows: Turkey – 3,185, Greece – 2,512, Albania – 374, former Yugoslavia – 4,382 and Bulgaria 5,701, while the exact locality of 1,037 households is uncertain. The Ottoman tax registers are also a source for understanding the religious confessions of the Roma. Generally speaking, summarising the data yet available from the tax registers, it can be said that Christian Roma predominated in the 15th and 16th centuries. HOW THE ROMA EARNED THEIR LIVING Roma in the Ottoman Empire worked in a range of occupations. In the tax register of 1522-1523 the “Gypsies” were most often recorded as musicians (military or “free lanced”), which is also confirmed by other sources. The musical instruments most commonly mentioned are the “zurnas” (a kind of oboe) and drums, but other instruments were also used (most often the tambourine and in more recent times different string instruments). Along with this, there is much evidence about “Gypsy” ensembles with dancers (mainly Roma and sometimes Jewish women). In many places around the world the Roma are known as smiths. This occupation has a long tradition, and has been well preserved in the Balkans until the present day. Although during certain periods of time – as in the early 16th century – Roma blacksmiths and ironmongers were relatively uncommon in the Ottoman Empire, evidence concerning blacksmiths becomes very extensive from the 17th century onwards. [Ills. 9, 10] In some cases the Roma abandoned their former occupations and became involved in agriculture, which they practiced within the framework of the existing feudal possessions of military officers. For example, in an inventory of fiefdoms in the Sofia region, dating to 1445-1446, there is detailed information on one belonging of Ali, which included the village of Dabijiv; it consisted of 15 complete and 3 widows’ households; the inventory categorically states that “they are Gypsies”. Ill. 9 Closely related to the art of the “Gypsy” musicians was the development of some specialised forms of musical theatrical performances, for example, the puppet shows. (from Marushiakova / Popov 2001, p. 66) In the 1522-1523 tax register, among the recorded occupations of the “Gypsies”, are musicians, tinsmiths, farriers, goldsmiths, sword-makers, stove-makers, shoemakers, slipper-makers, makers of clout-nails, leather workers, tailors, carpet-makers, dyers, ironmongers, cheese-makers, butchers, kebab-makers, gardeners, muleteers, guards, prison guards, manservants, couriers, monkey-breeders, well-diggers and others, occasionally including army officers, janissaries, policemen, doctors, surgeons. Perhaps the earliest record of Gypsy migrations is that recorded in the Shah Nameh (or King's Book) written about 1,000 AD. The Persian poet Firdawsi tells of twelve thousand itinerant minstrels, the Luri, sent to Persia from India about 420 AD, upon the request of a Sassanide prince, Bahram Gur, who intended that they should lighten the life of his hard-working people and charm away their misery. He provided them with grain and agriculture that they should support themselves. This plan was, of course, doomed to failure. The Luri used the supplies and made no attempt at farming. Furious at the waste, the prince sent them all away and condemned them to roam and earn a living by smuggling and begging. This account was confirmed in 940 A.D. by the Arab historian, Hamza. THE “GYPSY SANJAK” – ROMA IN THE OTTOMAN ARMY The “Law concerning the Gypsies in the Province of Rumelia” confirms the special administrative legal status and the extended rights to taxation self-government for those living in the “Gypsy sanjak”. Dating from 1541, there was also a special law concerning the leader of the “Gypsy sanjak”. This institution originated in Anatolia but was modified to suit the “Gypsies” in the Balkans. In this case “sanjak” is not used in the usual sense of a territorial unit but in the sense of a special category of the “Gypsy” population which was involved in a number of auxiliary activities in the service of the army. Roma were, however, recruited into the actual army as well. There is evidence, dating from 1566, that some members of the taxable population who were called up for military duties were Muslim Roma. Estimations made on the basis of the data preserved shows that during the 16th and the 17th centuries between 15,000 and 20,000 “Gypsies” must have been involved in the Ottoman army undertaking various services, mostly auxiliary military duties. THE “GYPSY SANJAK” – ROMA IN ARMY AUXILIARY SERVICES The “Gypsies” included in the “Gypsy sanjak” were grouped into “myusellem” (platoons) and their auxiliary units. At the head of each “myusyulem” was the “mir-liva” (major), a non-“Gypsy”, who was in charge of four captains and eleven corporals. For their service the “myusellem” (altogether 543) received land properties, 449 in total, situated in 17 regions of Rumelia. The members of the “myusellem” undertook auxiliary military duties. The head of the “Gypsy sanjak” was based in the town of Kırk Klise (modern Kırklareli) in Eastern Thrace. Processes of sedentarization in towns and villages were active among the Gypsy population in the Ottoman Empire. A new type of semi-nomadic lifestyle emerged (Gypsies with a specific residence and an active nomadic season within regional boundaries). Most certainly, these processes did not include all Gypsies, nevertheless they were rather active. Often Gypsies would break away from their traditional crafts and take up farming (e.g. 15th c. the village of Dabizhiv populated only by Gypsy households was registered in Sofia county) but usually they still practised some occupations and crafts. The most popular occupations were village blacksmiths and town musicians. Registers from the years 1522-1523 listed also tinsmiths, farriers, goldsmiths, sword-makers, cutlers, shoe-makers, curriers, sieve-makers, butchers, guards, servants, etc. It is hard to define which occupations were traditional and which were newly acquired, but the traditional professional specialisation of Gypsy groups seems to have been the case in most instances. Demographic information about Gypsies in Bulgarian lands in 17th and 18th c. is incomplete and quite unreliable. However, one thing is obvious - the tendency of Gypsies to change their religion: while in the 15th and 16th c. Christian Gypsies were the majority, the ratio changed drastically in the 19th c. in favour of Muslim Gypsies. Known as Dakshini - Sikhs, they belong to the Sikligar, Vanjara and Lubana castes and live as gypsies in various states across India. The history of Dakshini Sikhs dates back to the time of sixth Sikh guru Hargobind in 1595. They made swords, spears and shields for the Sikh army. Their descendents worked for the tenth Sikh guru, Guru Gobind Singh, and joined his army to fight against the Mughals. In 1832, the Nizam of Hyderabad requested Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the ruler of Punjab, to send his army to ward off attacks from the neighbours. Ranjit Singh sent a force of 2,000 Sikh soldiers, mostly from these castes, many of whom stayed on in Hyderabad. The Nizam gave jobs to these soldiers who came to be known as Dakshini Sikhs.

6th December 2011, 12:50 PM	#166
Ibrahiim al Balooshi Member Join Date: Jul 2006 Location: Buraimi Oman, on the border with the UAE Posts: 4,408	Zutooti: The Roma In Oman. Zutooti (or Ztut or Zutoot) Auxiliary Omani Sword Makers ! The anthropology of Gypsies in Oman and surrounding areas is apparently, as yet, undocumented. Their contribution to knife and sword making though slight is an intriguing factor in that study. They wandered around doing various tasks including tinning and repairs of brass and copper utensils, dishes and coffee pots. They had extraordinary knowledge of herbal medicines and were entrusted with minor operations such as circumcission. Like their counterparts who entered Europe via the Ottoman territories they saw gaps in the local market and as tinkers managed to make a living even where neccessary becoming small holders and farmers. They could turn their hands to most things and were famous cannon makers and soldiers for the Ottomans. But who were they and what was their position in Omani society? They may be Indian though it is still being researched and since that is where Gypsies originated (see notes below)...They are described only verbally as there are no actual records. Dark skinned, unruly, generally dirty, unkempt and of no known religion and using a peculiar unintelligible language. They came and went..They stole everything or so it was claimed. Their status was probably as low as it could be in society. Lower than slaves in days gone by. They married only within their own "sect". Allowing a Ztut into ones family would invariably result in daily arguement and fighting. The Ztut were an underclass yet were tolerated, however, with suspicion. Ztut did herbal cures and specialised in wild honey collecting. They knew music and could dance. Some of the girls were stunningly beautiful but regarded as untouchable regarding intermarriage. It appears that a househole would have a few slaves and perhaps a few Ztut under their umbrella but of the 2 Ztut were lower in the pecking order. Ztut were much more loosely attached thus could be expected to vanish overnight. Very odd? These days they still exist but have retained the attachment of wariness and suspicion in society but still do tinker tasks. It would be very rude (adding to the difficulty in research) to walk up and say you are a Ztut I want to ask you some questions...I have discovered that they still have amazing knowledge of herbal remedies.. they still do wild honey collecting and still potter about doing metalwork. In the old days before 1970 they were very much part of the old Omani fabric where their role in limited sword making cannot be ruled out. Regards, Ibrahiim al Balooshi. Notes; Unashamedly I attach almost entirely the brilliant work of Stephanie G. Folse sfolse@du.edu from University of Denver for reference and interesting reading. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tracing the history of a non-literate culture Linguists compare Gypsy languages to historical languages; they look at words borrowed from other languages and when and where those words originally existed. It is possible to trace Gypsies back to their origin: the Sind area of India (today south central Pakistan -- the mouth of the Indus). Three separate emigrations occurred over the course of about four hundred years, traceable today in three identifiable linguistic populations: the Eastern Gypsy (Domari) in Egypt and the Middle East, the Central Gypsy (Lomavren) in Armenia and eastern Turkey, and the Western Gypsy (Romani) (Romany refers to the people, Romani refers to the language, Rom refers to a man or the people as a whole. Confused yet? in Europe. This last group is the population most widely dealt with in reference works and literature, and therefore most of the information here pertains to them. The first exodus was spurred by a ruler of Afghanistan, Mahmud of Ghanzi, who invaded the Sind area in A.D. 1001-1027. The second exodus arose out of attacks upon northwest India by Mahmud of Gorh (A.D. 1191-1192), and then the empire expansion of Genghis Khan (A.D. 1215-1227). The third took place during the reign of the khan Tamerlane in the late 1300's and early 1400's, when he attempted to repeat Genghis Khan's exploits. Origin of the Gypsy The cultural group that would later become the Gypsies led a semi-nomadic life in India, and has been tentatively identified as the Dom, which has been recorded as far back as the sixth century. The Dom performed various specialized jobs such as basket-making, scavenging, metal-working and entertainment, traveling a circuit through several small villages each year. This is not a unique phenomenon; the Irish Travellers, although completely unrelated genetically to the Gypsies, fulfill the same functions. Indian caste beliefs of the time may have been the original model for the strict purity and pollution ideology of the present Gypsies, modified over time through contact with other cultures. This semi-nomadic life allowed the Dom the opportunity to easily flee when battles threatened the area in which they lived, and apparently did so three times during the Middle Ages. The European Gypsies are perhaps the original refugees from Mahmud of Ghanzi's wars, for all sixty Romani dialects contain Armenian words, suggesting that they passed through Armenia in the early 11th century on the way into the Byzantine Empire. The impetus to continue on and enter Byzantine Anatolia was most likely provided by the Seljuk Turks attacked Armenia during the 11th century and spurred the Gypsies onward The earliest currently known reference to Gypsies is in a Life of St. George composed in the monastery of Iberon on Mt. Athos in Greece in 1068. It relates events in Constantinople in 1050, when wild animals plagued an imperial park. The Emperor Constantine Monomachus commissioned the help of "a Samaritan people, descendants of Simon the Magician, who were called Adsincani, and notorious for soothsaying and sorcery," who killed the beasts with charmed pieces of meat. (I wonder if the concept of "poison" never occurred to these people?) "Atzinganoi," the Byzantine term for Gypsies, is reflected in several other languages: the German "Zigeuner," the French "Tsiganes," the Italian "Zingari," and the Hungarian "Cziganyok." During the next 200 years, the Gypsies slowly advanced southwest into Arabia, Egypt and North Africa, northwest into the Byzantine Empire and established themselves in the southern Balkan countries (Serbia, Moldavia, Bulgaria, Hungary and the surrounding area) before 1300. It seems likely to me that this movement was slow due to the westward pressure of the Mongolian Empire; all of Eastern Europe's population was in turmoil and Russian refugees were fleeing west at the time. Once Khubilai Khan died in 1294, the Mongolian Empire began its decline and the borders crept back east, easing pressure on Europe and allowing the Gypsies to expand more rapidly than the previous two centuries. They entered Dubrovnik (modern-day Yugoslavia) before 1362, and had blanketed the Balkans by 1400. The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries came as close to a Gypsy Golden Age as there had ever been. Gypsies covered Thrace, Macedonia, Greece, Yugoslavia and Rumania long before the Ottoman Turks conquered those lands. There was a large population at the seaport of Modon in the 1300's, on the most popular route to the Holy Land, settled in the Gypsy Quarter, a tent-city just outside the city walls sometimes called Little Egypt. This exposure to pilgrims and the attitudes and privileges accorded to them may have led the Gypsies to adopt pilgrim personas once they spread into Western Europe. The Gypsies seemed to prefer Venetian territories such as Crete and Corfu, perhaps because those lands were relatively safe from the constant Turkish incursions. The population, and therefore their annual dues, in Corfu increased enough to form an independent fief conferred in 1470 onto the baron Michael de Hugot, which lasted until the nineteenth century. In the town of Nauplion, in the eastern Peloponnese, the Gypsies apparently formed an organized group under a military leader, one Johannes Cinganus (John the Gypsy). The Venetians expected to be given military aid in the case of increasing Turkish raids, and may have hoped the Gypsies would cultivate depopulated land. Gypsies a little farther north, in the Balkans, were not quite as lucky. They certainly had economic importance, valued as artisans practicing such trades as blacksmithing, locksmithing and tinsmithing, and also filled the niche between peasant and master, but to prevent escape the government declared them slaves of the boyars. They could be sold, exchanged or given away, and any Rumanian man or woman who married a Gypsy became a slave also. Liberty was not fully restored to them in Moldo-Wallachia until the nineteenth century. During the fifteenth century, the nature of the Gypsies' hesitant travels into Western Europe changed. Before that time, they were quiet, unobtrusive and loosely organized, but afterwards they moved in a purposeful way, courting attention, claiming to be pilgrims and demanding subsidies and letters of dispensation. During the two decades after 1417, there are some interesting observations to make. The Gypsy bands seemed to have some unity of action and connection with each other, telling the same tales and displaying similar supporting documents (papal letters and such). A surprising fact is that well into the sixteenth century there is no mention made of Gypsies having their own language, and no apparent difficulty in communicating with the inhabitants of countries they were visiting for the first time. These groups were organized under leaders with noble names and titles, sometimes exchanged with other chiefs. This is unusual in that many of the countries of central and eastern Europe made sure that Gypsies did not rule Gypsies. What was behind this curious behavior? It may have been the Turkish invasion of the Balkans in the early 1400's; Wallachia capitulated to Turkish rule in 1415, two years before the first Gypsy bands were recorded in Western Europe. The Gypsies themselves would probably not have been affected in the long run under Turkish rule (ignoring the immediate fires, sacking and battles), due to the Turkish habit of leaving civilian populations free as long as they paid taxes to their conquerors, not an unfamiliar state of affairs for Gypsies. Many people stayed and embraced Islam, but there are records of other refugees including nobles wandering west in groups and subsisting on charity. One traveler who visited Modon attributed the Gypsy migration to lords and counts who would not serve under the Turks. It seems that the self-interest of barons of Gypsy fiefs who stood to lose quite a bit under Turkish rule was the impulse behind the organized incursions into Western Europe, and at least during the first few years the men who claimed to be barons, counts and dukes were telling the truth. Whatever the impetus, the Gypsies exploded into central Europe. The usual scam involved a group claiming to be from Egypt or Little Egypt (perhaps referring to Modon?) showing up in a city and informing city officials that they were Christians doomed to wander for a period of years to fulfill a penance imposed upon them for the sin of neglecting their religion. They would collect food, money and letters of protection from the city and then continue to the next town. By 1417, Gypsies were recorded in Germanic cities. In 1418, several thousand Gypsies under a leader called Count Michael showed up in Strassbourg. Gypsies were entering Brussels and Holland by 1420, Bologna in 1422, and showing up in Rome in July of that same year. They travelled into Spain by 1425 and Paris by 1427. By the middle of the century, rulers and town governments started banning Gypsies, usually citing theft, fortunetelling, begging and sometimes espionage as the reasons. Europeans also recognized as lies the Gypsies' claims to be pilgrims in exile from Egypt, but there are a few instances of alms being given into the sixteenth century, apparently by slow learners. At this point their meteoric expansion westward stopped for almost a century. Groups traveled east from the Balkans into Russia, establishing themselves in Siberia by the early sixteenth century but they did not enter Great Britain until 1514, probably because a completely separate ethnic group, the Tinkers, already occupied Britain and performed the same roles Gypsies did in other countries: nomadic entertainers, knife-grinders, pot-menders, woodworkers, transient field employees and so forth. The impetus to enter the British Isles was probably given by late fifteenth century Spanish policies ruling against and banishing Gypsies. With nowhere else to go, they entered Britain, then finally Norway in 1544 and Finland in 1597. Why stay nomadic for so long? From an anthropological point of view, I would say that this transient, fully nomadic lifestyle developed in response to the constant fighting pushing them west. Originally refugees from India, they may have thought they would return to their homeland as soon as Mahmoud of Ghanzi's fighting stopped. Refugees quite often stay ready to return to their point of origin for many years once pushed out of their native lands. (A modern example: some Cuban refugees still keep bags packed in anticipation of returning at any time.) When the Dom people left the Sind, they probably planned to live on the road for a few years and then return to their home territory. Normally, the second generation would have settled down in this "temporary" new area, but they were semi-nomadic to begin with, and then the Seljuk Turks invaded and pushed them farther west. After that the Mongolian expansion kept pushing them, and eventually the idea that there was a "back home" was lost. They retained their original semi-nomadic lifestyle in the midst of sedentary cultures, keeping their language and strict pollution ideology in order to maintain their unity as a people as well as clinging to something familiar in the midst of strange new cultures. They were mostly successful until the nations of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries grew powerful enough to force the majority to settle. Their identity as a separate people is still strong enough for them to remain the brunt of prejudice and hatred, a fact hammered home by the killing of half a million Gypsies by the Nazis during World War II. Now, it may only be a few generations until any idea of nomadism is leached out of almost all Gypsies Last edited by Ibrahiim al Balooshi; 6th December 2011 at 02:55 PM. Reason: consolidation

14th December 2011, 09:09 PM	#167
Ibrahiim al Balooshi Member Join Date: Jul 2006 Location: Buraimi Oman, on the border with the UAE Posts: 4,408	WOOTZ. Omani Swords. A possible hybridization or variant of an Omani Blade or an actual Omani blade in Wootz. During the last few weeks I have had a most interesting exchange of letters with Rick Stroud on the subject of his excellent knowledge of Wootz and Omani and Indian blades. Somewhere herein could be the answer to the origin of the sword on this thread at #1 and other similar weapons. More importantly we may be on the edge of a fresh discovery; Omani Swords with Wootz blades? (Tagged on the end as a note is a comprehensive methodology on etching by Rick which I commend to the Forum with the proviso "That this level of work should only be attempted as a detailed program in a workshops environment by competent restorers and that if in doubt don’t do it… moreover have an expert do it for you".) Below is a more or less precise interchange of letters between Rick and myself on the subject of Wootz in Omani Swords. Please see this but if it does not work simply copy the string into search; http://www.vikingsword.com/library/rick_seldomwootz1.pdf Salaams Rick, In considering your sword shown on the webpage reference as Omani I have a few pointers which ring fence this type of weapon to the Red Sea rather than Oman. First I have seen no Omani wootz examples therefore this suggests that there are none therefore it is an out of area blade on an Omani hilt. There are similar blades in both the museums of Saudia and Yemen on forum and TVV s thread #1 which I believe is a similar blade though not apparently wootz. The second test is in the flexibility range which from an Omani blade ought to easily go through a 90 degree flex and return to straight immediately. Your fine sword may not do that though may well be flexible in the 5 to 10 % range. Thirdly yours is pointed to take advantage of the straight stiffer blade whereas Omani Sayf (of the type argued as European Trade Blades perhaps 17th to 21 st C ) are as you know; spatulate tipped. Originally straight swords passed from the Mamelukes down the red sea though your blade may have been made as a one off perhaps in Sri Lanka or Hyderabad. In conclusion I would suggest that your blade is a Saudia or a Yemeni variant on an Omani long Hilt. It could be an Omani merchants or slave traders sword but I believe it is on the flank as a peripheral and important Iconic Red Sea style. Regards, Ibrahiim al Balooshi. Salaams Ibrahiim, Thank you for the e-mail and thoughts about the Omani sword that used to be in my collection but unfortunately has moved onto another collector. A couple of details to add to your assumptions. First, the blade is thin and very flexible/pliable. It definitately would bend 90 degrees and return true. You mention Saudia or Yemeni as a possible origin but as in your experience with Omani swords and not running across any wootz examples, in my experience, I have not run across any Saudia or Yemeni examples of wootz. Of course, this is not to say that none existed in any of these areas. A couple of possibilities. One is that we don't have sufficient number of examples left in original polish. A rusted or well patina'ed blade doesn't always reveal the wootz pattern. Matter of fact, on the example under discussion, when I first purchased the sword a wootz pattern was not clearly visible. It was only upon close inspection that I noticed the pattern and I sent it out for a polish which revealed the pattern. It is an unusual pattern and not one I would classify as typical Persian, Ottoman or Indian wootz. However, over the years, I have seen a number of variant patterns that could have originated from anywhere. Another possibility to consider is that there may have been a small center of blade forging that was familiar with forging wootz that eventually died out and no longer was passed down the generations. From that, there could have been a small production of wootz blades that you may find still hilted in Omani long hilts but the pattern no longer visible due to time and patina. The third possibility is as you say, an imported blade. On the example we are discussing, in my opinion, a likely source for the blade would be somewhere in India. I have seen a number of very thin, very pliable blades mounted Indian style which would suggest either an Indian blade origin, or, an imported blade from another region. If only our blades could talk to us! No doubt, continued research into this area should yield more findings. I would suggest that on every blade you have the opportunity to view, that you take it out into very good light and really study the blade surface to see if there are any signs of patterning. Even polishing/etching some blades would reveal the forging technique and metallurgical properties of the blade and with enough samples you may begin to see patterns/similarities enough to opine as to a possible origin for these blades. With kind regards, Rick Stroud. Conclusion (By Ibrahiim) Essentially I agree with everything Rick has said and have undertaken to search for the Omani Wootz connection by looking very closely at Omani blades. The likelihood of an Indian or Sri Lankan Wootz sword maker looms large in my calculations. It is likely that sword style was copied from either an Omani straight form ~ Sayf ~ and or styled on swords emerging in the Red Sea area from Saudia or Yemen which may be of Mameluke (or pre Mameluke) origin. We may be looking at an Omani slave traders sword or an Omani merchant sword. The door is perhaps opening to more Omani swords with Wootz Blades. If it is the case that this sword and others turn out to be Omani then a very important find has been discovered. The sword is fitted to an Omani Hilt and is flexible though fashioned to a point. Nonetheless the indicators are there for a very interesting addition to the Omani Armoury. Regards, and with particular thanks to Rick Stroud, Ibrahiim al Balooshi. Notes; Etching by Rick Stroud. Hi Ibrahiim, Thanks for the Christmas and New Year well wishes. Much appreciated. Yes, feel free to record our conversation on your post. I'm happy to contribute in any small way. As far as a polish and etch, my first recommendation is to utilize a professional polisher. I work with a gentleman in the US that does fantastic work and understands the proper way to clean, etch and neutralize the blade plus understands the proper contours of the blade, can straighten bent blades (when possible), etc. He really does great work. I have done some light cleaning and etching on my own. It is a multiple part process that you have to follow diligently. The first is that the blade has to be made as smooth and as clean as possible. To do this, you have to remove any rust. Typically, a sanding block or sanding stone can be used to remove the rust but one has to be very careful not to scratch or damage the blade. Keeping the surface of the blade wet while doing this will help and then starting with coarser grades first and then moving down to finer grades will help remove scratches and keep the blade as smooth as possible. Deep pits are challenging because you have to remove too much of the surface of the blade so in those cases conservation of the blade is more in order than a full polish but you still may be able to determine if the blade is wootz or not in smoother/better areas. This is the most labor and time intensive part of the job. You can't rush it. You have to be patient and take your time. Once you have removed the surface rust/oxidation and have the blade as smooth as possible you then need to make sure the blade is clean and free of any oils or other product. At this stage, you clean the blade thoroughly with a degreaser, like dish soap, and rinse with water. Once you have given it a good clean and then rinsed with water, dry it off with a towel and let it air dry for a bit. Make sure the blade isn't handled with your fingers because they contain oils and this defeats the cleaning you just did. For an added layer of degreasing, you can take some acetone or denatured alcohol and wipe the blade down really well and then let it air dry for a while in a spot where it won't pick up any additional oils or particles. Etching should be done with an acid like ferric chloride. It's best to start out with a diluted mix. About 2 teaspoons of ferric chloride and about 10 teaspoons of water. It's good to heat up this solution so the water being mixed in should be hot, even boiling hot. The blade should also be warmed up but not too hot. You don't' want to distort or retemper a blade from heating it up too hot. A hairdryer across the surface will warm the blade up or sitting in the sun for a little bit will warm the blade up. Before etching the blade, you want to make sure you protect the handle or any important cartouche, inlay or koftgari. You can do a wax resist by the handle so the etchant doesn't run in there. You can also do this around the cartouche or a row of inlay or koftgari. Then take a foam brush and brush the etchant onto the blade. Work the etchant thoroughly and evenly up and down the blade. Make sure you continue to reapply and keep "painting" the etchant onto the surface. Make sure you wear gloves because the etchant is not good for your skin. If there is a wootz pattern, it should begin to show up pretty quickly. Only etch the blade for a few minutes and then rinse with water. If you are seeing something in the blade, dry it real well, degrease it again, and then do another application of the etchant. I wouldn't do more than 2 or 3 applications. If a pattern is not showing by this time, then you are likely not to have a pattern. Once finished with the etching, it is important to neutralize. You can take baking soda and make a paste with water. Make it thick enough to apply and "stick" to the surface of the blade. Leave it on for a few minutes and then rinse with water. Rinse well, take a towel and wipe dry and apply some acetone or denatured alcohol and wipe blade thoroughly. You may notice some discoloration on the blade from the etching. These are areas that were missed by the neutralization. You can take some 0000 steel wool and some oil and hit these spots to remove the color. Most importantly, when you are finished with everything, you need to give the blade a good oiling. Depending on the steel, you may need to reapply a time or two as a blade tends to be "thirsty" after a good clean and etch. And that is pretty much it. At least one method. There are a dozen other ways to try and bring out a pattern but I have found this method to work pretty well on wootz. Good luck if you decide to give it a try. All the best, Rick Last edited by Ibrahiim al Balooshi; 14th December 2011 at 09:19 PM.

30th December 2011, 10:45 AM	#168
Ibrahiim al Balooshi Member Join Date: Jul 2006 Location: Buraimi Oman, on the border with the UAE Posts: 4,408	Note to Forum. follows Last edited by Ibrahiim al Balooshi; 30th December 2011 at 11:10 AM.

30th December 2011, 11:02 AM	#169
Ibrahiim al Balooshi Member Join Date: Jul 2006 Location: Buraimi Oman, on the border with the UAE Posts: 4,408	Note to Forum. Salaams All ~It should be remembered that the Straight Omani Sayf has two distinct forms; 1. The original short Omani Battle sword and 2. The so called European Trade Blade replacement (17th ~ 19th C) These are swords that work in tandem with a small shield; The Buckler Shield or Terrs. The Terrs and Buckler Shield fighting technique. Terrs Wa Sayf. I ventured onto the European Forum recently to examine some facts about European Buckler and Sword techniques in a bid to learn more on that and make some sort of suggestions on the origin of this type of combat and with reference to the Omani Style. For this I thank the European Forum especially Matchlock Freebooter and Broadaxe for their valuable contributions toward the system I Quote "from Broadaxe termed MS 1.33. From the famous German medieval fencing book Walpurgis-Fechtbuch MS I.33 of ca. 1320, now preserved in the Royal Armouries Leeds." Unquote. The main questions being: How, if at, did the technique move from country to country and where did it originate? One interesting gem gleaned in the European Forum ~ it appears that the system used in Lebanon was called the same but died out relatively recently... in the 1970s. Clearly the technique used in Georgia by KHEVSAR tribesmen is also very similar. It is engrained into their tradition therefor it has survived in the same way essentially as "The Sayf and Terrs" technique in Oman. As a bonus to that continuation in Oman is its inexorable link to the traditional Funun ... A played out dance(procession with swords and sword with shield mimic fight (ayalaah), music and poetry pageant practised many times a year at weddings, social gatherings, National Day celebrations and Bi Annual Eid Festivals thus tying it to the religious historical record. The Georgians were very much part of the Crusader contingent and it is not inconceivable that this form was taken from their soirres into the Holy Land. Lebanon on the doorstep of the region would have easily absorbed the technique. Nights Templar and Masonic lodges and other military groups would certainly have experienced this system and could have adopted modified or studied the technique and transported it with them to Europe. Pilgrims may also have made the weapon system known to Europe. Which way did it happen?... Did the Europeans or Arabs introduce it? My view is that the Funun started in about 751 in support of the Ibathi brand of Islam in Oman but that it actually commenced even earlier and in honour of the general Islamic movement in about 630 AD. I therefor present the system as originating from Oman and spreading to other Arab countries in a ripple inspired by war, trade and socio-relgious interaction into the central Jerusalem hub. It is suggested that both the Georgian and European contingents absorbed this technique in Jerusalem. As in most things it froze in Oman and in "The Funun" and was either adopted and retained as by the Khevsars or practiced in Europe for many centuries but waned and died out i.e.. in Europe because of the transition to gunpowder weapons and because it was not sealed within a socio-religious document. It was just a fighting technique. In Europe it developed with more of the rapier style of sword though I see in the references fairly broad swords being also used... clearly the system was attractive because of the speed and balance of the combination. I offer this as a forum note and invite suggestions. (Meanwhile I sketch out the direction required for advancing the theory and contradictions of European Trade Blades~plus further research on the Old Omani Battle Sword as well as the curved variants ) pictured below Straight Sayf. Old Omani Battle Sword. Buckler. Curved Kattara. Regards, Ibrahiim al Balooshi. For the finer points of history and as a general timeline overview I place the following reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam Attached Images Last edited by Ibrahiim al Balooshi; 30th December 2011 at 12:27 PM.

31st December 2011, 09:44 PM	#172
ariel Member Join Date: Dec 2004 Location: Ann Arbor, MI Posts: 5,503	[QUOTE=Ibrahiim al Balooshi ....since it began here 500 years before the European book was written on the system that it probably evolved from Oman between the 8th and 13th Century A.D. Regards, Ibrahiim al Balooshi.[/QUOTE] Well, don't you think that it might be more fair to compare apples to apples, i.e. date of publication of the first Omani book on the subject?

31st December 2011, 11:32 PM	#173
Rick Vikingsword Staff Join Date: Nov 2004 Posts: 6,293	Thread locked until Lew's return . Last edited by Lew; 1st January 2012 at 08:13 PM.

1st January 2012, 08:40 PM	#174
Lew (deceased) Join Date: Dec 2004 Location: East Coast USA Posts: 3,191	To all involved in this thread. First the use of a small shield or buckler in combat dates back thousands of years and was used by the Greeks and Romans along with many other cultures so there can be no real say in who invented the fighting system combination of sword and buckler first. All else is just speculation. Now as far as this kattara thread is concerned I really think it has run its course and I am starting to worry about it straying into into grey areas. So for now it will stay closed until I make my decision. Last edited by Lew; 3rd January 2012 at 07:24 PM.

3rd January 2012, 07:33 PM	#175
Lew (deceased) Join Date: Dec 2004 Location: East Coast USA Posts: 3,191	Thread Reopened After careful review I decided to reopen the thread. To all involved be aware that personal attacks will not be tolerated on this forum in any form!

7th January 2012, 06:04 PM	#178
ariel Member Join Date: Dec 2004 Location: Ann Arbor, MI Posts: 5,503	Hi Ibrahim, Thanks for the detailed response. IMHO, the theory you are proposing falls under the category : "True, true, and unrelated" Multiple cultures had swords and shields, even when the blades were made of copper and bent under minimal effort. Thus, any warrior would avoid direct blade-to-blade contact while attempting to damage the opponent's sword. Thus, parrying with a shield ( of whatever side and form) must have been the routine practice from times immemorial all over the world. I do not think one can pinpoint the origin of that practice to any specific locality with even a minimal degree of certainty. Fencing books were popular in Europe for the past several centuries. It is a shame and a sorrow that only Mamluks bothered to compose manuals on military techniques and training. This is why from time to time this Forum and dozens other swordplay-interested groups raise a heated discussion on the use of shamshir or yataghan. As they say, if it is not written, it does not exist. Crucible steel, indeed, was a mystery, and the europeans were not particularly interested in it, because of their different concept of military structure, artistic value or sanctity of the blade and their scientific/technological thrust, whereby they bypassed wootz in favor of equally good, but infinitely cheaper, quality steel. In the West , wootz remained a curiosity, an Everest that had to be conquered simply because it was there. However, when in the 19th century the Europeans became interested in crucible steel, there were several articles in specialty journals or full books ( Crivelli, Anosov, Belyaev etc). For that, they ( or their representatives) had to travel to the East to actually observe the manufacturing process, because there was no Indian or Persian written recipe. Overall, I admire your attempts to research the origins of Omani swords, but disagree with some of your too-far-reaching conclusions. With best wishes.

7th January 2012, 06:47 PM	#179
Lew (deceased) Join Date: Dec 2004 Location: East Coast USA Posts: 3,191	Gentlemen Since there is no real proof that the European style of sword and buckler evolved from Omani style can we just conclude that they evolved separately from each other and leave it at that? It seems to me that that this type of fighting system Was designed with a great deal of strategic thought and basic common sense by both cultures which often used in duels as a way to settle various personal desputes. In my opinion both cultures developed these systems out of necessity in order to deal certain aspects of there warrior based societies. Last edited by Lew; 8th January 2012 at 05:25 PM.

8th January 2012, 01:55 PM	#180
Atlantia Member Join Date: Jun 2008 Location: The Sharp end Posts: 2,928	Thought you might be interested in the following. A relic Kattara showing how the familiar short tang of the 'Kaskara' type trade blade is extended to the Omani block pommel. Attached Images