Chinese Dao as the common ancestor of SE Asian Dha / Darb

[~Alaung_Hpaya~]

Dao (sword)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Chinese SaberDao (Chinese: 刀; pinyin: dāo; Wade-Giles: tao1) is a category of single-edge Chinese swords primarily used for slashing and chopping (sabers), often called broadswords in English because some varieties have wide blades.

In China, the dao is known as one of the four major weapons, along with the spear, staff, and the sword, and referred to as "The Marshal of All Weapons". Dao is actually a generic word used to denote any member of a family of single-edged, broad-bladed cutting or slicing tools, but in common, everyday usage means knife. The weapon, also known as dan dao 單刀 (single knife), is thereby thought to be an adaptation of the kitchen knives common to Chinese cuisine. Dao also appears in the names of such polearms as the pudao and guan dao, indicating the knifelike nature of their blades.

Contents
1 General Characteristics
2 Early history
3 Yuan, Ming and Qing
4 Recent history
5 References



General Characteristics

While dao have varied greatly over the centuries, most single-handed dao of the Ming period and later, and the modern swords that are based (sometimes loosely) on them share a number of characteristics. Dao blades are moderately curved and single-edged, though often with few inches of the back edge sharpened as well; the moderate curve allows them to be reasonably effective in the thrust. Hilts are canted, curving in the opposite direction as the blade which improves handling in some forms of cuts and thrusts. Cord is usually wrapped over the wood of the handle. Hilts may also be pierced like those of jian (straight-bladed Chinese sword) for the addition of lanyards, though modern swords for performances will often have tassels or scarves instead. Guards are typically disc-shaped often with a cupped shape to prevent rainwater from getting into the sheath, and to prevent blood from dripping down to the handle, making it more difficult to grip. Sometimes guards are thinner pieces of metal with an s-curve, the lower limb of the curve protecting the user's knuckles; very rarely they may have guards like those of the jian.



Early history

The earliest dao date from the Shang dynasty in China's Bronze Age, and are known as zhibei dao (直背刀) - straight backed knives. As the name implies, these were straight-bladed or slightly curved weapons with a single edge. Originally bronze, these would be made of iron or steel by the time of the late Warring States. Originally less common as a military weapon than the jian - the straight, double-edged blade of China - the dao became popular with cavalry during the Han dynasty due to its sturdiness and superiority as a chopping weapon. Soon after dao began to be issued to infantry, beginning the replacement of the jian as a standard-issue weapon.

During the Tang dynasty, dao were exported to both Korea and Japan, influencing the swordsmithing of both nations. The blades of Tang era dao are reminiscent of the Japanese chokuto or the popular image of the quasi-mythical ninjato.

During the Song dynasty, one form of infantry dao was the shoudao, a chopping weapon with a clip point. While some illustrations show them as straight, the 11th century Song military encyclopedia Wujing Zongyao depicts them with curved blades - possibly an influence from the steppe tribes of Central Asia, who would conquer parts of China during the Song period. Also dating from the Song are the falchion-like dadao and the long, two-handed zhanmadao.



Yuan, Ming and Qing

The Mongols invaded in the early 13th century in the process of conquering the largest land empire in history. The Yuan dynasty of the Mongols influenced China and other nations considerably, particularly in the tools and tactics of war. A favored weapon of the Mongol cavalry was the saber: this simple, one handed, curved blade had been used by the Turkic and Tungusic tribes of Central Asia since the 8th century at least. Its effectiveness for mounted warfare and dispersion across the entirety of the Mongol empire had lasting effects. It spawned descendants across the continents that in turn produced even more kinds of curved swords over the years. The Persian shamshir, the Indian talwar, the Afghani pulwar, the Turkish kilij, the Arabian saif, the Mamluk "scimitar", and the European sabre (adopted via Hungary's Magyar horsemen) and cutlass are all progeny of this Mongol curved blade.

In China, Mongol influence lasted long after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty at the hands of the Ming, continuing through both the Ming and the Qing dynasties (the latter itself founded by a steppe people, the Manchu), furthering the popularity of the dao and spawning a variety of new blades. Blades with greater curvature became popular, and these new styles are collectively referred to as pei dao. During the mid-Ming these new sabers would completely replace the jian as a military-issue weapon.

The four main types of pei dao are:

yanmao dao, or "goose-quill saber." This weapon, similar to the earlier zhibei dao, is largely straight, with a curve appearing at the center of percussion near the blade's tip. This allows for thrusting attacks and overall handling similar to that of the jian, while still preserving much of the dao's strengths in cutting and slashing.

liuye dao, the "willow leaf saber." The most common form of Chinese saber, this weapon features a moderate curve along the length of the blade. This reduces thrusting ability (though it is still fairly effective at same) while increasing the power of cuts and slashes. This weapon became the standard sidearm for both cavalry and infantry, and is the sort of saber originally used by many schools of martial arts. Perhaps due to that same popularity the name "willow leaf saber" has now become somewhat generic, and is sometimes applied to other forms of dao (such as the niuwei dao, below).

pian dao, "slashing saber." A deeply curved dao meant for slashing and draw-cutting, this weapon bears a strong resemblance to the shamshir and scimitar. A fairly uncommon weapon, it was generally used by skirmishers in conjunction with a shield.

niuweidao, the "oxtail saber." A heavy bladed weapon with a characteristic flaring tip, this is the archetypal "Chinese broadsword" of kung fu movies today. It is first recorded in the early 1800s (the late Qing dynasty) and only as a civilian weapon; there is no record of it being issued to troops, and it does not appear in any listing of official weaponry. Its appearance in movies and modern literature is thus often anachronistic, and it is also sometimes mislabeled as a willow-leaf saber.
Besides these four types of dao, the duan dao or "short dao" was also used, this being a compact weapon generally in the shape of a liuye dao. The dadao saw continued use, and during the Ming dynasty the large two-handed changdao and zhanmadao were used both against the cavalry of the northern steppes and the pirates of the southeast coast; these latter weapons would continue to see limited use during the Qing period. Also during the Qing there appear weapons such as the nandao, regional variants in name or shape of some of the above dao, and more obscure variants such as the "nine ringed broadsword," which were likely invented for street demonstrations and theatrical performances rather than for use as weapons.

The Chinese spear and dao (liuyedao and yanmaodao) were commonly issued to infantry due to the expense of and relatively greater amount of training required for the effective use of Chinese straight sword, or jian. Dao can often be seen depicted in period artwork worn by officers and infantry. Its popularity on the battlefield earned it the name "General of all Weapons" while the spear was commonly deemed as the "King of the Battlefield".

During the Yuan dynasty and after, some aesthetic features of Persian, Indian, and Turkish swords would appear on dao. These could include intricate carvings on the blade and "rolling pearls": small metal balls that would roll along fuller-like grooves in the blade.



Recent history
Some of the blades from the Qing dynasty lived on and even had descendants see military action in the 20th century. The dadao was used by some Chinese militia units against Japanese invaders in the Second Sino-Japanese War, as was the miao dao, a descendant of the changdao. These were used during planned ambushes on Japanese troops because the Chinese military and patriotic resistance groups often had more willing soldiers than firearms.

Most Chinese martial arts schools still train extensively with the dao, seeing it as a powerful conditioning tool and a versatile weapon, with self defense techniques transferable to similarly sized objects more commonly found in the modern world, such as baseball or cricket bats, for example.

One measure of the proper length of the sword should be from the hilt in your hand and the tip of the blade at the brow and in some schools, the height of shoulder. Alternatively, the length of the sword should be from the middle of the throat along the length of the outstretched arm. There are also significantly larger versions of dao used for training in some Baguazhang and Taijiquan schools.

References

Dao (sword)Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23955-9.

Tom, Philip with Scott M. Rodell (February 2005). "An Introduction to Chinese Single-Edged Hilt Weapons (Dao) and Their Use in the Ming and Qing Dynasties". Kung Fu Tai Chi, p. 85

Werner, E. T. C. (1989). Chinese Weapons. Singapore: Graham Brash. ISBN 9971-4-9116-8.

Yanmao Dao Goose Quill Sabre




What are your thoughts ?

I think that the etymology of the term needs to be looked into . Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman are thought to share the same stem : Tai -Kadai has similarities to Sinitic postulated as being due predominantly to the loaning effect of close proximity.


Dha in Bama ( Burmese ) simply means blade or knife and this seems to be shared with the basic Chinese term according to the article above .

Interestingly the fighting sabres used in Burma also have terminology relating to animal forms . I only know of one but I am told there are others :

Hnget Tchi Daung Dha - means Stork ( large bird ) Quill Dha and refers to the pointed fighting sword with a short hilt and a slight taper towards the ferrule.



It would be interesting to know what the term Dao used by the Kachin and Naga actually mean and whether the Thai ( Siamese ) term actually has a root meaning or means "foreign blade" ( with krabi being the correct term for sabre / knife / blade ) .

As far as I'm aware the Tai ( Shan ) in Burma also call it Dha ( albeit with a slightly different tone ) : I do not know what the Tai word for knife is but could find out on my next trip back to Burma .


I am also interested in the weaponary used by Tai-Kadai in China ( Dai , Tai Lue , Zhuang etc ) and the Khamti in Assam if anyone knows on this forum and similarly whether traditional Bai or Yi ( in Yunnan ) weapons are different from the Chinese forms.

[Mark]

It is tempting to draw an etymological link between the Chinese 'dao,' the Tai 'dahb/daab' and the Bama 'dha,' and even the Kachin 'dao.' They all seem to mean more-or-less the same thing, which is basically 'blade,' or 'curved blade.' A problem, or rather obstacle, that I have in addressing that question is not knowing the actual intonation of the various words. My Western ear would have a hard time with the subtlies, as well.

While I think it very likely that the dha/dahb in some form came from Yunnan (specifically Nan Zhao), I don't see a strong connection with the Chinese dao in its various forms. Not only are details such as the handle shape and presence of a guard different, the balance is quite different as well, the dao having a POB farther out along the blade than the typical dha, and much farther out than that of the typical dahb. Dao also lack the graceful curve of the dha and dahb. Where the influence is most clearly seen (not surprisingly) is in Vietnam, where Chinese influence was strongest. Even there, however, one sees two distinct types of sabre, one clearly a variation of the dao (even called "dao"), and the other seemingly more closely related to the dahb ("dai dao"). It is interesting (at least for non-linguist me) to speculate whether the "dai dao" is a "Tai dao," from the point of view of the Vietnamese. IN any event, it is found in southern Vietnam (Cochin) rather than northern Vietnam (Tonkin). Cochin was historically more linked to the rest of SEA than Tonkin, which at one point was actually a Chinese province. There is also a Vietnamese version of the jian (the kiem), which is not seen at all in other parts of continental SEA. My expectation would be to see both dao-related and jian-related swords if there were a Chinese influence, as one sees in Vietnam. The absence of the jian style says to me that Chinese, by which I mean Han Chinese, influence in most of continental SEA was limited.

I have not yet found any clear evidence of what a Yunnan/Nan Zhao style dao might look like, though I have seen a few dha provenanced from Yunnan that resemble a certain style of Shan dha, with their own decorative details.

[Mark]

Originally Posted by ~Alaung_Hpaya

Interestingly the fighting sabres used in Burma also have terminology relating to animal forms . I only know of one but I am told there are others :

Hnget Tchi Daung Dha - means Stork ( large bird ) Quill Dha and refers to the pointed fighting sword with a short hilt and a slight taper towards the ferrule.

Is this the style you mean?


The grip on this one looks like what you are describing, but the blade tip is not upswept:

[~Alaung_Hpaya~]

Thanks Mark


I'm wondering about common origin I guess rather than actual derivation from Dao post Tang dynasty ( 618 - 907 AD ) or even Song . It certainly would be of interest to me if anyone can ( literally ) dig up swords from Nan Zhao .

[~Alaung_Hpaya~]

Originally Posted by Mark

Is this the style you mean?


The grip on this one looks like what you are describing, but the blade tip is not upswept:

I'm talking about about the first one and about the blade not the grip .

Sorry I'm still getting my head around the terminology . I meant the width of the blade narrows as it approaches the flared ferrule ( which acts abit I guess like like a false tsuba )

[Mark]

Originally Posted by ~Alaung_Hpaya~

Thanks Mark


I'm wondering about common origin I guess rather than actual derivation from Dao post Tang dynasty ( 618 - 907 AD ) or even Song . It certainly would be of interest to me if anyone can ( literally ) dig up swords from Nan Zhao .

A common origin is an intesting idea. Philip has researched this area extensively, so maybe he can comment. The early bronze swords seem to have been double edged, while daggers were both curved and single-edged. One early iron sword was the single-edged ring-hilted sword (the ancestor of the nihon-to). According to Antonio's article in the History of Steel catalogue, by the Song Dynasty (960 to 1279 AD), both straight (jian) and curved (dao) swords existed. No mention as to where the dao developed, though. Unfortunately, in the catalogue collection there is a huge jump in time, from Han dynasty (260 BC - 220 AD) to the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD), completely skipping the Tang, for instance.

The one book on the art of Nan Zhao that I have found does not show any weapons.