Sharing Moro Kris data

[xasterix]

Originally Posted by Ian

Ray,

Thanks for the detailed responses!

Do you have any thoughts about Brunei kris? I would have thought that the Brunei Sultanate would feature in some of these Moro interactions, and it once controlled an extensive part along the western Borneo coast, including N. Borneo (Sabah). It's defeat by the Spanish in the late 15th C led to a decline, but it made a comeback in the 17th-18th C until the British intruded into the region.

When you speak of the Iranum in Borneo, does this imply a connection with the other Mindanao Moro groups or with Sulu Moros? The Philippine Iranum in Mindanao were geographically proximate to the Maguindanao and Maranao Sultanates, and were politically under the Maguindanao Sultanate for quite a long time, they seem to have had strong ties also with the Sulu Sultanate.

Both the Iranum and Sama had extensive trade routes with Malayan regions and Indonesia, as well as the Celebes, the Moluccas, and Bali. Strong bilateral relations also existed between the Maguindanao Sultanate and Ternate, home of the spice trade in the Moluccas.

All of these represent potential sources for the introduction of the Indonesian keris into Moro culture. I think longstanding trade routes and state/diplomatic voyages need to be carefully considered before anointing any one group as the instigator of the Moro kris. Brunei, Indonesian, Malayan, Bugis, and even Balinese keris/kris may have played their part at different times in the development of the Moro kris.

Halloo again Ian,

I've insufficient data about Brunei kris, my Malay friends didn't mention that area much in relation to sundang. The relationship of the Moros with the Brunei Sultanate was actually volatile throughout the centuries; while there was a time that the Sulu Sultanate "saved" the Brunei royalty versus a coup, there was also a time that Sulu Sultanate itself staged an attack against the Brunei Sultanate, which led to the Brunei forces assaulting the Sulu Sultanate in PH. What's retained by via oral tradition, according to my Malay friends, is the manner by which the Sulu warriors "saved" the royalty, with their kalis supposedly.

Regarding the Iranun, my Malay friends believe that they're related to the PH-archipelago Iranun.

I agree on your assertion regarding careful consideration on which keris-producing area likely made the most influence on Moro kris. And I would also add other influences, such as the Chinese, who were very close to the Moro, and who supplied them with iron ingots. I would go with one of Krieger's assertions, that "successive foreign influences" was what led to the development (and uniqueness) of PH blades, including the kris.