Sudanese thuluth inscribed spear head

[Jim McDougall]

This unusual spear head is profusely inscribed in thuluth calligraphy, and cartouches. It appears to be Sudanese and presumed of Mahdiyya or Calipha period (late 19th c). It has been a very long time since acquired or researched but it seems it was once suggested this was an 'alem' (?) used as a standard by tribal chief or religious leader to signal or direct forces in battle.

I'd like to substantiate that, and perhaps the inscriptions be translated. It is known if course that religious practice and observation was a key element in these 'Ansar' forces, so this seems a plausible explanation for this example.

It perhaps may also be an element for guards posted in locations where esteemed figures were present.