Caltrops - a Device Built After Nature
 

They probably have been around in warfare for thousands of years - and their natural pattern, water caltrops, for many millions of years.
They are a device of a principle simple and perfect at the same time: wherever, whenever and how ever they are cast they will always land the way that one spike points upward, to hinder and harm man and animal alike.

The surviving samples posted here are of late medieval to 18th c. date.
The painting details of which are attached is dated 1771, representing a later version of an earlier painting of the 2nd half of the 16th c., and depicting a cruel historic battle of 1444 which took place in Schönenbuchen, Black Forest. The rural population is portrayed dispersing caltrops from wicker baskets.

Most of the instances shown here are barbed. Acually this is a feature rare to find; in the author's experience, only one caltrop in about 500 was additionally barbed. They are not that easy to find in good condition either; most of them seem not to have survived spending hundreds of years of burial - most probably due to their delicate construction.


Caltrops also have gone down in medieval heraldry (instances attached).


Best,
Michael

More.
m

More details from the painting, some heraldic samples, and engravings.

m

Interesting post, I've never heard of water caltrops before. Thanks for sharing!

I AM PRETTY SURE THE CALTROP GOES BACK TO ROMAN TIMES AND IS STILL USED IN THE PRESENT. VIETNAM PUNJI STAKES IN RICE PADDIES AND TALL GRASS.
THERE ARE THE ONE WAY TRAFFIC TREADLES USED IN PARKING LOTS AND GARAGES TO SHREAD TIRES. THE SPIKE STRIPS USED BY THE POLICE AND MILITARY AND A THING REFERRED TO AS THE SQUID DESIGNED TO STOP VEHICLES WITH NON PUNCTURING TIRES AND SUCH. SEARCH SPIKE STRIPS.
THE BARBED AND CONCERTINA WIRE MAY HAVE EVOLVED FROM THE SAME IDEA. WHATEVER THE CASE THE PLANT KINGDOM THOUGHT OF IT FIRST. :)

These are from a Venetian fort in Crete!

Thanks Barry for your up-to-date contribution,
and eftihis for that photo from Crete!

m

Looks like the village elders were put to work. All with white beards and no personal weapons of any sort.

That was my impression too, Dmitry,

Seems the younger ones were all involved in the fight ...

Best,
m

Personal details like that underscore the veracity of the subject matter. I love it!

Hi,
Attached the arms of the Drummond family complete with caltrops. Malcolm Drummond is credited with successfully using caltrops against the English cavalry at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 hence he was accorded the honour of incorporating them in his armorial.
Regards,
Norman.

P.S. 'Gang Warily' means go carefully, I suppose apt where caltrops are involved.

Gang Warily - a witty motto regarding caltrops! :rolleyes:

Thanks for the brilliant contribution, Norman!


Best,
m

A drastic illustration of the tactical effect of caltrops is shown in an illustrated manuscript "Kriegstechnik" of the Zentralbibliothek Zürich Switzerland, inventory Ms. Rh. hist. 33b, dating to the 15th century on page 49r.

Page no. 115v illustrates their effect on horses.

The caltrops shown are a similar type achored in the ground with a wooden stick.

This caltrops are very effective as the soles of shoes worn by soldiers or warrios that time had only one single or sometimes a double layer of soft leather with a thickness of max. 3-4 mm in total. It must be very demoralizing when watching your comrades in front of you running through such a mined field - knowing that you also must pass it.

Another two illustrations of the use of caltrops.

The first one is from Conrad Kyesers Bellifortis from 1460 showing two differnet types - and - protective iron soles.

The second illustration is also a Conrad Kyesers Bellifortis issue from 1411 also showing two different types as well as the arrow types with their wooden base for mounting into the ground. You can imagine, when this devices are rigidly fixed to the ground it will take much longer and will hold the attacked person much longer back than the lose ones.
The red dressed guy obviously drives a heavy barrel over the devices in order to dismantle the caltrops.

N.B. On this image you can see that the men are only wearing tights - probably with a thin leather sole sewn on the sole under the feet.

Most interesting.

From today I can protect my little front garden :D with my reconstructed caltrops.

But I wonder what this huge caltrops are for? They have an over all heigth of approx. 30-35 cm, dated to 16th century and they are on display at Nationalmuseet Copenhagen, Denmark. For human feet they are definitively too large and for horses they seem to me too fragile, probably their aim is to massively harm tumbled men or horses?

Maybe they are much older than we have assumed - Jurassic and meant to trouble Dinosaurs like T-Rex? :D

Seriously, I guess you are completely right and they were meant to harm heavy cold-blooded horses.

m

Or for people (soldiers) body to fall on them ? :o

... especially with their feet clad with thin leather only!

This of course was the main intention for throwing caltrops on a battle field, 'Nando. I, just as Andi, was only worrying about the unusual dimensions of the samples he posted.
Is it possible that yiou are trying to put us on the scrap heap with those, Andi? . :confused: :D


Best,
Michl

I boughed this nice example from an Uk auction.
Rather terrifying to imagine these things deployed in action.

Is there also a record of them beeing "dipped" in waste to ensure an infection after encountering such a device? Though seriously injured, you might escape to fight another day.

http://i57.tinypic.com/6sv2x0.png

A better picture of my caltrop with very nice patina :)

http://i57.tinypic.com/2vlvgo9.jpg

NATURES CALTROPS, MINERAL, PLANT AND ANIMAL
#1 & #2. THORNS OF THE HONEY LOCUST I HAVE SEEN THEM UP TO 10 INCHES LONG AND THEY WORK WELL IN PIT TRAPS LARGE OR SMALL. ARROW POINTS, POISON DARTS AND FISH GIGS ARE EASILY MADE AS WELL.
#3. MUREX SHELL NOT TO BE STEPPED ON WHILE WADEING BAREFOOT
#4. SEA URCHIN, THIS KIND DOES HAVE POISON AND WILL BREAK OFF IN WOUNDS. I KNOW THEM TO BE VERY PAINFUL.
#5. QUARTZ CRYSTALS THESE AS WELL AS MANY OTHER FORMS WOULD BE PAINFUL TO WALK ON BAREFOOT.
#6. CACTUS

MANY PLANTS HAVE SPIKED OR BURRED SEED PODS TO HELP SPREAD THE SEEDS. THORNS ON THE PLANT ARE MOSTLY FOR PROTECTION. CACTUS SPINES ARE A GOOD EXAMPLE.

I like the pics, Barry. Very natural and relaxing...in a way! Interesting to see how ethnographic people incorporated natural resources into their weaponry, such a water caltrops, shark's teeth swords and spears, etc. The pic of the wicked-looking thorn trees reminds me of readings about the pre-contact Figians and Solomon Islands people. They built their fortresses out of nearly non-penetrable hoary spined tropical trees and thorn trunks. A definite discouragement for entering!
Mark

I REMEMBER IN MANY OLD BOOKS ABOUT AFRICA THE SAFARI OFTEN BUILT A ENCLOSURE OF THORN BUSHES AROUND THE CAMP AT NIGHT TO KEEP OUT LIONS AND ENEMYS. THEY CALLED IT A BOMBA I SUSPECT IT WAS LIKELY NOT FICTION BUT COMMON PRACTICE WHERE SUCH THORN BUSHES OR TREES WERE AVAILABLE.

Here is an other example for a simple and easy to build natural defensive armor similar to chevaux de frise. Made of the stems of fir trees (Abies) with shortened and pointed branches. A drawing in Jörg Kölderer: Befestigungen in Südtirol und Friaul. Tyrol, ca. 1508. ONB Vienna, HAD Cod. 2858, Folio 21r.

Caltrops in WW 1
 

Greetings all,
I recently came upon this photo of two Canadian soldiers standing by boards with Caltrops set in. It is a World War One photo, the caltrops were set by the retreating German Army in 1917. The photo caption said that the caltrops were not very effective.
Best regards to all,
Brian

Iron Soles
 

Some time ago, I startet an attempt to reconstruct a pair of iron soles, protecting the feet of persons scanning and clearing a battlefield from hidden caltrops, as recommended by a bellifortis after Conrad Kyeser of the Cologne Historical Archive of 1443, or as shown on the left image in post #14.

After a first one hour trial, they work really well.

My short report can be found here: https://www.bummsbrigade.de/index.ph.../caltrops.html

:eek:

Yes, you can walk really well, comfortably and save on meadows, grass or fields. On the other hand, walking on paved paths and roads is awkward and not so safe because the soles are very slippery.

I will conduct further tests to verify the practicality of the iron soles.

My friend stepped on one in a rice paddy. Modern version. Spent mortar shell base with two 8" barbed steel spikes sticking out. He still has it-with the one spike cut off by the field hospital.
It had been in the dirt for a while, he felt the base , recognized what it was, and was yelling at his guys to back off- there were roots around it and he thought in the heat of moment (there was lots of other stuff going on) that they were wires and it was booby trapped with a charge.
Humorous, 55 years after the fact.

You can't underestimate the efficiency of caltorps. When they lie in the grass you do not recognize them. And if you are a late medieval infantry, equipped with helmet and visor, through which you see even less, and have to rush the enemy, you have absolutely no chance. In this respect, scanning the battlefield would make absolute sense, provided there is a chance to do so before the battle.

Especially in view of the large quantities in which these caltrops were purchased and stocked. In 1642, the city of Hamburg alone had over 23,959 pieces, and at the Coburg fortress there are still large chests full of them today.

However, from the late Middle Ages, I am so far only aware of the mentions in the Bellifortis and war technical manuscripts, but no factual reports of scanning and cleaning them from the battle fields.