A group of axes

[M ELEY]

Here is my meager collection of colonial-era axes...

[M ELEY]

Here is a nice spike tomahawk, ca 1780-1830. Spike axes were traded with the native Americans and quite popular. This one has a single-bearded blade, no steel bit, original old haft and a blacksmith repair in its working life. (Often a blacksmith/fur trader lived near the tribe to trade. There are several examples of repaired axes in Hartzler's book), Note the squared notch cut into the blade later. It is not a nail-pull, but used by trappers as a trap chain pull (you go sticking your hand in frigid water all day and see why they did this to the axe!). Old brownish-red primer and deadly spike.

[M ELEY]

Here we have that boarding axe again! This time hopefully with better pics...

[M ELEY]

This is what they call the 1st Pattern of rifleman's axe, ca 1760-1800. It has a very hefty head and original haft. The later versions had slight differences. Note that with these early hammer polls, it is generally theorized that the "hammer" was actually more of a balancing weight and allowed for a more powerful chop. This type carried by continental soldiers and explorers.

[M ELEY]

This is a Revolutionary War camp axe as distributed to the continental soldiers (the Yankee Doodle Dandies, as the Tories used to call them). The haft is perhaps walnut? An example in Hartzler's book is a dead-on match for this one. It has an unreadable stamping on the blade. Well, I had one more little spike axe, but I've lost the pictures, so that's all folks!

[Jim McDougall]

Absolutely outstanding post Mark!!! A grouping of such weapons does not need to be voluminous, especially when they well illustrate the distinctions of a weapon form and its variations. What is best is that you offer important information along with the illustrations, and give us all a chance to learn more on these axes.
This is exactly what I always hope for, information, description and explanation along with weapons illustrated. Well done, and thank you so much!!!

All the very best,
Jim

[Keith]

Nice collection you have there, thanks for sharing.
Regards.

[M ELEY]

No problem, Keith. Welcome to the forum! Do you collect axes? I just lost out on a nice Danish boarding axe/entrebil recently . Hope to land one one day...
Mark

[Ibrahiim al Balooshi]

Salaams,
Nice. I had no idea that the Francisca were thrown in volleys in the assault to break up the enemy shields and cause general mayhem. My suspicion is that this is a francisca axe but a new one... used in the re enactment of mediaeval battles. The decoration is misleading and implies a tree of life design but I think this is just artistic licence as most francisca axes Ive seen are so corroded or worn that no original surface seems to have survived.

Wiki encyclopedia says Quote "The francisca (or francesca) is a throwing axe used as a weapon during the Early Middle Ages by the Franks, among whom it was a characteristic national weapon at the time of the Merovingians from about 500 to 750 AD and is known to have been used during the reign of Charlemagne (768–814). Although generally associated with the Franks, it was also used by other Germanic peoples of the period including the Anglo-Saxons, and several examples have been found in England."

Francisca on display in Romano-Germanic Museum in Cologne, Germany
The term francisca first appeared in the book Ethymologiarum sive originum, libri XVIII by Isidore of Seville (c. 560–636) as a name used among the Spanish to refer to these weapons "because of their use by the Franks".

The historian Gregory of Tours (c. 538–594) in his History of the Franks uses two Latin terms for the Frankish axe: securis and bipennis.

The régime of Vichy France used the image of a stylised double-headed francisque as part of its iconography.

The francisca is characterized by its distinctly arch-shaped head, widening toward the cutting edge and terminating in a prominent point at both the upper and lower corners. The top of the head is usually either S-shaped or convex with the lower portion curving inward and forming an elbow with the short wooden haft. Sometimes the head is more upswept forming a wider angle with the haft. Most franciscas have a round or teardrop-shaped eye designed to fit the tapered haft, similar to Viking axes. Based on the measurements of modern replicas the francisca had a haft length of around 40-45 cm (16-18 in) and a 10 cm (4 in) cutting edge with an average weight of around 600 g (21 oz, 1.3 lb).Based on surviving heads of franciscas recovered at Burgh Castle and Morning Thorpe in county Norfolk, England the length of the head itself measured 14-15 cm (5-6 in) from the edge to the back of the socket.

The Roman historian Procopius (c. 500–565) described the Franks and their use of throwing axes:

"...each man carried a sword and shield and an axe. Now the iron head of this weapon was thick and exceedingly sharp on both sides while the wooden handle was very short. And they are accustomed always to throw these axes at one signal in the first charge and thus shatter the shields of the enemy and kill the men...."

Procopius makes it clear that the Franks threw their axes immediately before hand to hand combat with the purpose of breaking shields and disrupting the enemy line while possibly wounding or killing an enemy warrior. The weight of the head and length of the haft would allow the axe to be thrown with considerable momentum to an effective range of about 12 m (40 ft). Even if the edge of the blade were not to strike the target the weight of the iron head could cause injury. The Franks were not the first to utilize the Francisca. The Francisca was also used as an intimidator in that upon throwing of the Francisca, the enemy might turn and run in the fear that another volley was coming.

Another feature of the francisca was the tendency to bounce unpredictably upon hitting the ground due to its weight, unique shape, lack of balance and slight curvature of the haft, making it difficult for defenders to block. It could rebound up at the legs of opponents or against shields and through the ranks. The Franks capitalized on this by throwing the franciscas in a volley in order to confuse, intimidate and disorganize the enemy lines either before or during a charge to initiate close combat.

Today, the francisca remains in popular use as a throwing axe in competitions or as a weapon for reenactors of medieval warfare.
"Unquote. Bold letters are mine. Diagrams and other information are on web at Wiki encyclopedia etc

Regards,
Ibrahiim al Balooshi.

[M ELEY]

Fantastic information and a plethora of information, Ibrahiim. I'll have to take some time to 'digest' all of it.
BTW, welcome to THIS side of the forum for a change-

[junker]

Hi,

thanks for the information about the francisca.
But this seems to be an older copy. Maybe around 1880 ?
I m not shure about this item at all.

BTW here are some new inputs to my colection:

One russin example with a double eagle and 1917 stamped on it.

An forrester axe for marking the timber.

and one which has a rising horse as a mark and some markings like:
?; Remscheid (town in germany); ?GO FUNDIDO, GARANTIDO; No 36B; 31 lbs.