![]() |
Kopis/Κοπίς & Makhaira/Μάχαιρα (Greek & Etruscan)
For about a year, I have been interested in the Greek kopis and similar forward curved sword from the Etruscans (I include these Etruscan swords in this thread because of limited number of specimens found). Of course, the falcata is also similar, but I believe it warrants a standalone thread, even though I am among those people that it evolved from the kopis, and not that it is a paralel development).
I invite anyone to post pictures and information (or just express opinions) about these swords. My one request is that we keep it strictly to historical pieces/period depictions. No reproductions please. |
1 Attachment(s)
1 - “Barbarian Cleavers or Greek Swords? Portrayals and Perceptions of Curved Swords in Ancient Greece” - Catherine Parnell, B.A., M.A. (Ph.D. candidate, School of Archaeology, University College Dublin) March 2012
Quote:
Here is her Ph.D. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48601881 |
4 Attachment(s)
2 - The Ancient Greek Kopis and Machaira - Catherine Sara Parnell (Trowel Volume XII 2010, pages 120-129)
https://trowelucd.files.wordpress.co...trowel-xii.pdf |
2 Attachment(s)
3 - Ancient Greek tomb with sword and spearhead found on the Croatian island of Hvar
https://archaeonewsnet.com/2022/01/a...sword-and.html |
3 Attachment(s)
|
5 Attachment(s)
5 - Prodromi kopis - found in Prodromi, Epirus Region of Greece, now residing at the Igoumenitsa Archeological Museum
|
7 Attachment(s)
6 - Dodona Kopis at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens
https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/am...ia_1_9.html#_8 https://www.flickr.com/photos/101561...n/photostream/ |
1 Attachment(s)
7 - North Macedonian kopis - Republic of North Macedonia
|
2 Attachment(s)
8 - Unknown kopis - no further info
|
12 Attachment(s)
9 - Depictions of kopis swords
|
12 Attachment(s)
10 - More depictions of kopis swords
|
1 Attachment(s)
Bes and Beset. Late Period of ancient Egypt, 664 BC – 332 BC, Louvre. Note: Looks more like a falcata.
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F...9-gradient.jpg |
1 Attachment(s)
More Bes. Terracotta statue of the god Bes, god of joy, and later became god of war. Greco-Roman Museum, Alexandria, Egypt.
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F...pt-14A-039.jpg |
1 Attachment(s)
Even more Bes. Bes, Egypt, Ptolemaic or Roman periods, terracotta. Martin von Wagner Museum - Würzburg, Germany. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F...-_DSC05407.jpg
|
1 Attachment(s)
How is that snake holding on to that kopis? Answer me ancient Egyptians!
|
2 Attachment(s)
More thumb-less swords...men?
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F..._Aker_wand.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F...eum_of_Art.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped...ters_71510.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F...779980542).jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped...T_DP112577.jpg Is that cheetah kissing that dude? https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped...EGDP011956.jpg |
9 Attachment(s)
More kopis
|
3 Attachment(s)
Sword of king Seuthes III of Odrysia, a part of Thrace (today Bulgaria), between 324 and 312 BC.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seuthes_III https://www.facebook.com/BulgariaThr...529364/?type=3 https://zh-cn.facebook.com/Archaeolo...58949051/?_rdr https://www.facebook.com/Archaeology...5849988949018/ https://www.ploshtadslaveikov.com/tr...nite-shlemove/ |
3 Attachment(s)
Now for some Italic peninsula Kopis/Machaira:
Lanuvium machaira. Warrior tomb of Lanuvium, equipment dated to the first quarter of the (~475) 5th century BC. Elements exhibited in the epigraphic section at the Diocletian Baths Museum, which is part of the National Roman Museum (Rome, Lazio, Italy). Length = 81.7cm Width at hilt = 7.5cm Width at blade = 7cm https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F...r_Ve_av_JC.jpg https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~dpd/italica/twlanuvium.html http://www.osservatoriocollialbani.i...ia-di-lanuvio/ |
1 Attachment(s)
Malpasso machaira - From Malpasso Necropolis, Tomb 12 Gualdo Tadino, Umbria, 400-350 BCE. Villa Giulia Museum in Rome.
Length: over 70cm http://www.fabrianostorica.it/storia...rrobattuto.htm https://www.flickr.com/photos/dandiffendale/2183092037 |
1 Attachment(s)
Piceno machaira (tomb IVb) - 520-470BC Ascoli Piceno, Italy.
https://www.storieparallele.it/piceno-iv-b-apogeo/ |
2 Attachment(s)
Piceno machaira V - 470-385BC Ascoli Piceno, Italy. resides at the "Museo Archeologico Nazionale delle Marche" in Ancona.
https://www.storieparallele.it/piceno-v-il-territorio/ https://legvmac.ru/news/vk_18817/ |
1 Attachment(s)
Alalia machairas - Aleria, Corsica, France. One of them is 89cm long. Etruscan, 4th century BC?
https://twitter.com/Hugorodru/status...95747053707265 |
2 Attachment(s)
|
6 Attachment(s)
Restoration and reproduction manufacture of one Alalia machaira: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1X2FjrWh-I
|
Interesting, I did not realize that so many of these had T-section blades.
|
2 Attachment(s)
Quote:
Speaking of blade length, the Dodona is ~71cm, the Prodromi is about ~77cm, the Etruscan ones are in the 70-80cm range (some probably longer, ~85cm). So not really "short swords". Another aspect is the false-edge on some kopis examples (presence confirmed in Parnell's article) and complete absence on the Etruscan machairas (due to pipe-back). Now, almost all falcatas seem to have false edges. The only falcatas that I know of that don't, are the Almedinilla falcata (upper) and this other one). The Almedinilla even has some sort of T-spine (you can see the thick spine here https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F..._M.A.N._02.jpg). Quite an atypical example. Of course there shoud be others without false-edges that I am not aware of. One more thing is that some might look like the have false edges, but in reality might be just beveling of the spine without an actual edge. |
2 Attachment(s)
Size comparissons. I think/hope they're to scale.
Source: http://www.vikingsword.com/vb/showpo...8&postcount=18 |
3 Attachment(s)
More Picene machaira from the "Museo Archeologico Nazionale delle Marche" in Ancona.
https://legvmac.ru/news/vk_18817/ |
Thanks, great effort!
|
Quote:
|
Not in my ballpark, but incredibly detailed information on these fascinating swords! Future generations of collectors will appreciate your great effort and knowledge on these!
|
Quote:
================================================== ======= On a more serious note, one reason I started this compilation of available online information on these swords, is because people lump Iberian falcatas with Greek/Italic kopis together. More often falcatas get labeled as kopis, rather than the reverse, because extant kopis are much more rare, and usually not as well preserved (and the ancient Greeks have much better PR than Iberian celts, so more people). But I want to emphasize that kopis and falcatas are very distinct in shape, and possibly in function too. P.S.: I regret not being able to provide the sources to all of the pictures/info posted. Some of them I have for a while, and just forgot where I acquired them. |
1 Attachment(s)
The Combat Archaeology of the Fifth-Century BC Kopis: Hoplite Swordsmanship in the Archaic and Classical Periods by Thomas O. Rover.
https://www.researchgate.net/publica...ssical_Periods There are some nice videos accompanying the research paper on the author's YouTube channel, here: https://www.youtube.com/@thomasrover9295/videos In my opinion this is a good example of the "kopis/falcata interchangeability" tendency which makes things confusing for beginners wanting to study these two ancient swords. I really like the reproduction, but it's clearly a falcata, not a kopis. I also disagree with that statement in the paper that Fig.2 represents two kopis swords at the Met Museum. Unfortunately, the Met Museum seems to state the same here:https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/257576 But judging by their shapes, they are Iberian falcatas. Still, the paper is full of useful data, a recommended read. |
3 Attachment(s)
Quote:
|
1 Attachment(s)
Here is another interesting example that was exhibited a few years ago in Bulgaria, described as a Thracian weapon, despite it sharing some key characteristics with the Macedonian examples. I suppose that doesn't mean much considering the example found in King Suethes III's tomb also shared these characteristics, which is curious. This example is notable as it's the shortest and broadest I've ever seen.
|
1 Attachment(s)
Here is another example of the Macedonian type, though it is missing the blade. You can see a hole for the eye on the bird's head, which supposedly would hold a ruby.
|
3 Attachment(s)
Here is another example though I'm not sure how to classify it. Based on its curve (or lack there of), and shape of the handle, I'm inclined to say it's Greek, similar to the Macedonian types. However, the handle is clearly a horse head rather than the typical bird head, the handle isn't solid iron (looks like center would have been organic), the guard is missing the characteristic bump before the point (though your 7th example seems to be missing that as well), and the blade is rather short. I'm curious what you think.
I will say I have seen an example of a long (96cm, even longer than the Macedonian-type kopis), straight blade with a very similar horse-head, non-solid handle that was described as a Greek makhaira from the 6th -5th c. BCE — but since it lacks a curve it's likely not a "kopis", so I won't post a picture here. But given that context, it makes me think that this example might be Greek and precede the Macedonian examples from the 4th c. BCE. |
5 Attachment(s)
Excellent finds! Thank you!
Quote:
I would argue that the only remaining distinguishing feature of a kopis, as opposed to a xiphos, might not be the forward curvature of the blade, but the asymmetric hilt. Actually, not the entire hilt even, sometimes just the hook shape at the end. Here are two examples with symmetric guards, but hooked ends. Attachment 232138 Attachment 232139 Actually you can find a nice contrast between the two types in the Tomb of Lyson and Kallikles example you posted. Attachment 232141Attachment 232142 Attachment 232150 Source: https://x-legio.com/en/wiki/kopis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A...de04a5a180.jpg https://hetairoi.de/en/kopis-prodromi |
3 Attachment(s)
Quote:
Source: https://pronewsdobrich.bg/ekspozitsi...oogle_vignette https://rousse.info/тракийско-въоръж...#1083;о/ |
All times are GMT +1. The time now is 06:11 PM. |
Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.11
Copyright ©2000 - 2024, vBulletin Solutions Inc.
Posts are regarded as being copyrighted by their authors and the act of posting material is deemed to be a granting of an irrevocable nonexclusive license for display here.